(A – C) Groups of Il10−/− mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics to allow stable engraftment of B. thetaiotaomicron. Piroxicam was administered in the mouse diet throughout the experiment. Mice were intragastrically inoculated with an equal mixture of B. thetaiotaomicron wild-type strain (Δtdk, GenR) and a xusA mutant (WZ777, GenRCmR), plus a Nissle 1917 entB mutant (WZ780) (N = 5, group 1) or the same B. thetaiotaomicron mixture plus the Nissle 1917 wild-type strain (WZ36) (N = 7, group 2). Fourteen days after bacterial inoculation, Nissle 1917 and B. thetaiotaomicron abundance in intestinal contents was determined by plating on selective agar. (A) Schematic representation of the experiment. (B) E. coli population in intestinal content. (C) Competitive index of B. thetaiotaomicron wild-type over xusA mutant in intestinal content. See also Fig. S7. Bars represent the geometric mean ± 95% confidence interval. **, P < 0.01 ***, P < 0.001; ns, not statistically significant.