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A diagram showing basic etiology, pathophysiology and compensatory mechanisms that are activated in heart failure. CO: Cardiac output; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF: Heart failure; HFmrEF: Heart failure with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SV: Stroke volume.
