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. 2020 Aug 26;12(8):409–418. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.409

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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Theoretical bench to bedside flow chart for some commonly encountered clinical scenarios. ¹Cytoskeleton (e.g., Rho kinase activity), contractile apparatus (e.g., Titin phosphorylation), mitochondrial energetics, AGE. ²Ventricular atrial coupling; Microvasculature; Pericardial restraint; Chronotropic reserve. ADHF: Acute decompensated heart failure; AGE: Advanced glycation end products; ANP: Atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; IL-1α: Interleukin 1 alpha; CRI: Chronic renal impairment/insufficiency; IS: Indoxyl sulphate; PBUT: Protein bound uremic toxins; PCS: P-cresyl sulphate; RAAS: Renin angiotensin aldosterone syndrome; SNSA: Sympathetic nervous system activity.