Table 3. Examples of bioengineered MSCs as living drug factories.

Disease model	Cell source	Engineering approach	Expressed therapeutic	Reference
Neurodegenerative diseases	Human BM-MSC	Priming	Neurotrophic factors (NTFs; include GDNF, BDNF, HGF, VEGF)	Gothelf et al. (59)
Diabetes mellitus	Human AD-MSC	Priming	Insulin	Thakkar et al. (80)
Myocardial infarction	Mouse BM-MSC	Priming	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, angiopoietin-1, VEGF, erythropoietin.	Hu et al. (111)
Inflammatory diseases	Human BM-MSC	Microparticle (MP) delivery and priming	Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)	Ankrum et al. (63)
Damaged tissue repair	Human AD-MSC	Biomaterial encapsulation	VEGF, HGF	Kim et al. (114)
Colitis	Human BM-MSC	Engineered hydrogel	IDO, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), CCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10	García et al. (119)
Parkinson’s disease	Human BM-MSC	Genetic	Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)	Hoban et al. (163)
Juvenile Huntington’s disease	Human BM-MSC	Genetic	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)	Deng et al. (164), Pollock et al. (165)
Parkinson’s disease	Human UC-MSC	Genetic	Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)	Liu et al. (166)
Multiple sclerosis	Human AT-MSC	Genetic	Interferon-β (IFN-β)	Marin-Banasco et al. (167)
Myocardial infarction	Rat BM-MSC	Genetic	Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1)	Suresh et al. (64)
Osteoporosis	Porcine BM-MSC	Genetic	Bone morphogenic protein-6 gene	Pelled et al. (168)
Osteoporosis	Mouse BM-MSC	Genetic	B cell–specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi1)	Chen et al. (169)
Hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis	Human BM-MSC	Genetic	Decorin	Jang et al. (170)