Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of native valve IE*
| Variable no. (%) | 2002–2006 (n = 155151) | 2007–2011 (n = 172981) | 2012–2016 (n = 195300) | Total (n = 523432) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median [SD]) years | 61 (47–75) | 61 (48–74) | 58 (42–71) | 60 (46–73) | <0.01 |
| Female | 66110 (42.6%) | 71766(41.5%) | 79390 (40.7%) | 217266 (41.5%) | <0.01 |
| Race | |||||
| White | 80635 (68.6%) | 100520 (68.7%) | 133080 (71.9%) | 314235 (70.0%) | <0.01 |
| Black | 20824 (17.7%) | 25784 (17.6%) | 27405 (14.8%) | 74013 (16.5%) | <0.01 |
| Hispanics | 10736(9.1%) | 11596 (7.9%) | 14915 (8.1%) | 37247 (8.3%) | <0.01 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2116 (1.8%) | 2988 (2.0%) | 3465 (1.9%) | 8569 (1.9%) | <0.01 |
| Native American | 531 (0.5%) | 1174 (0.8%) | 1430 (0.8%) | 3135 (0.7%) | <0.01 |
| Valve involved reported | 34305 (22.1%) | 45646 (26.4%) | 57600 (29.5%) | 137551 (26.2%) | <0.01 |
| Type of valve involved when reported | |||||
| Left sided IE* | 30153 (87.9%) | 40413 (88.5%) | 48575 (84.3%) | 119141 (86.6%) | <0.01 |
| Right sided IE* | 3784 (11.0%) | 4534 (9.9%) | 7835 (13.6%) | 16153 (11.7%) | |
| Unspecified† IE* | 426(1.2%) | 856(1.9%) | 1515 (2.6%) | 2797 (2.0%) | |
| Left Sided IE | |||||
| Aortic valve IE* | 16243 (55.1%) | 20151 (51.4%) | 24020 (51.4%) | 60414 (52.3%) | <0.01 |
| Mitral Valve IE* | 13213 (44.9%) | 19074 (48.6%) | 22705 (48.6%) | 54992 (47.7%) | |
| Combined aortic and mitral valve IE* | 698 (2.3%) | 1189 (2.9%) | 1850 (3.8%) | 3737 (3.1%) | |
| Drug abuse History | 14883 (9.6%) | 13606 (7.9%) | 32575 (16.7%) | 61064 (11.7%) | <0.01 |
| AHRQ‡ Medical comorbidities | |||||
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 784 (0.5%) | 852 (0.5%) | 620 (0.3%) | 2256 (0.4%) | <0.01 |
| Alcohol abuse | 7361 (4.9%) | 8708 (5.0%) | 11560 (5.9%) | 27630 (5.3%) | <0.01 |
| Anemia§ | 34875 (23.0%) | 59300 (34.3%) | 78730 (40.3%) | 172905 (33.3%) | <0.01 |
| Collagen vascular disease | 4253 (2.8%) | 6166 (3.6%) | 7005 (3.6%) | 17424 (3.4%) | <0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 20251 (13.4%) | 29094 (16.8%) | 36630 (18.8%) | 85975 (16.5%) | <0.01 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 26511 (17.5%) | 31887 (18.4%) | 38300 (19.6%) | 96698 (18.6%) | <0.01 |
| Coagulopathy | 19622 (12.9%) | 29262 (16.9%) | 45520 (23.3%) | 94403 (18.2%) | <0.01 |
| Depression | 7649 (5.0%) | 14266 (8.2%) | 21965 (11.2%) | 43880 (8.4%) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes (uncomplicated) | 22596 (14.9%) | 33126 (19.2%) | 33450 (17.1%) | 89172 (17.2%) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes (with complications) | 11004 (7.3%) | 15249 (8.8%) | 22290 (11.4%) | 48543 (9.3%) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 56516(37.3%) | 87367 (50.5%) | 103250 (52.9%) | 247133 (47.5%) | <0.01 |
| Liver disease | 11180 (7.4%) | 12995 (7.5%) | 20595 (10.5%) | 44770 (8.6%) | <0.01 |
| Neurological disorders | 10559 (7.0%) | 14251 (8.2%) | 18995 (9.7%) | 43805 (8.4%) | <0.01 |
| Obesity¶ | 4724 (3.1%) | 13415 (7.8%) | 24330 (12.5%) | 42469 (8.2%) | <0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 7861 (5.2%) | 20777 (12.0%) | 33485 (17.1%) | 62123 (11.9%) | <0.01 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 1868 (1.2%) | 13963 (8.1%) | 25520 (13.1%) | 41351 (8.0%) | <0.01 |
| Renal failure | 35507 (23.4%) | 54127 (31.3%) | 56685 (29.0%) | 146319 (28.1%) | <0.01 |
| Weight loss | 9438 (7.9%) | 25409 (14.7%) | 35885 (18.4%) | 70732 (14.5%) | <0.01 |
| Median household income percentile | |||||
| 0–25 th | 37482 (24.8%) | 49120 (29.3%) | 62170 (32.6%) | 148772 (29.2%) | <0.01 |
| 26–50th | 36042 (23.9%) | 41425 (24.7%) | 48690 (25.6%) | 126157 (24.8%) | <0.01 |
| 51–75th | 36327 (24.1%) | 39818 (23.7%) | 41805 (22.0%) | 117950 (23.2%) | <0.01 |
| 76–100th | 41134 (27.2%) | 37417 (22.3%) | 37765 (19.8%) | 116316 (22.8%) | <0.01 |
| Primary Expected Payer | |||||
| Medicare | 82317 (53.1%) | 92232 (53.5%) | 93730 (48.1%) | 268279 (51.4%) | <0.01 |
| Medicaid | 21408 (13.8%) | 24551 (14.2%) | 41165 (21.1%) | 87124 (16.7%) | <0.01 |
| Private insurance | 36500 (23.6%) | 39005 (22.6%) | 39470 (20.3%) | 114975 (22.0%) | <0.01 |
| Self-pay | 9281 (6.0%) | 10221 (5.9%) | 13690 (7.0%) | 33191 (6.4%) | <0.01 |
| No charge | 1001 (0.6%) | 1293 (0.7%) | 1465 (0.8%) | 3759 (0.7%) | <0.01 |
*
Infective Endocarditis.
†
Unspecified valve ICD9 or ICD 10 code (see supplementary).
‡
Agency for healthcare and quality research.
§
Deficiency anemias (Iron and Vitamin b12).
¶
BMI>30 or any ICD code for Obesity.