Table 1.

Criteria for the modified Fried Frailty Phenotype (mFFP) binary score. A total of 5 physical domains were assigned 1 point if present or 0 if absent with FFP scores ≥3 considered frail and FFP = 0–2 considered nonfrail.

Domain	Scoring criteria
Exhaustion	“In the last week, did you feel on at least three days, that everything you did was an effort?” and “In the last week, did you feel on at least three days, that you could not get going?” A response of “yes” to either question met the criteria for exhaustion
Weakness (i.e., low grip strength)	Grip strength was considered weak if the average of three consecutive attempts on the left and right hand fell below two standard deviations of sex- and age-adjusted normative values
Mobility, i.e., slow gait speed	Walking speed was considered slow if the average of three attempts took six seconds or more to complete 5 meters
Appetite	“Have you, in the last three months, been eating more/less than usual?” A response of “less” was classified as poor appetite
Physical activity	“How often do you engage in activities that require a low or moderate level of energy, such as gardening, cleaning the car or going for a walk?” A response of “one to three times a month or hardly ever” was classified as physical inactivity