Table 2.

Characteristics of the five research projects developed collaboratively by students from Kakuma, UNIGE Master in Global Health and University of Nairobi. The objective was to conceive a monitoring system for a vector borne disease, a water borne disease, a zoonotic food borne disease, rabies and snakebite or scorpion sting in Kakuma refugee camp using context-specific and locally adapted tools (e.g., frugal innovation) and participatory methods (e.g., citizen science). These broad thematic areas were proposed to the students by experts at the Institute of Global Health of the UNIGE.

Title of the project	Objectives	Data to be collected	Community involvement	Tools to be used
Cholera Surveillance System in Kakuma Refugee Camp	A surveillance system that determines if the presence of Vibrio cholerae in the Tarach river and its tributaries contributes to the contraction of cholera	Detection of V. cholerae in the Tarach River and its tributaries; GPS data; behavioural data (cholera patients' interactions with the river)	Surveillance teams will include InZone students who will become mentors for community members	A rapid portable biosensor for field detection of V. cholerae in environmental water (OmniVis technology)
Integrated Surveillance System for Rabies (ISSR)	Establish household level incident-based reporting of dog bites by secondary school children as an early warning system for rabies exposure	Annual dog census; dog keeping knowledge, attitudes, and practices; dog bite incidence	Secondary school children and their teachers to report dog bite incidents and information about dog ecology and dog-keeping practices	Questionnaire administered through KoBo Toolbox
Community Based Surveillance System for Malaria in Kakuma Refugee Camp	Monitor malaria risk involving the community in identifying Anopheles larvae and mapping Anopheles breeding sites	Mapping of run-off pits; collecting, counting and identifying mosquito larvae in run-off pits	InZone students who will be trained to identify and collect mosquito larvae and who can be trained to become trainers of community members	UNHCR iMonitor application
Diarrhoea Incidence and Animal Proximity in Children Under Five Years in Kakuma Refugee Camp	To collect data for an early detection system of new diarrheal cases in children under 5 years old in Kakuma related to animal proximity and to animal-source food consumption	New cases of diarrhoea among children under 5; type of stool; contacts with animals/animal-source food; household characteristics (e.g., animal-keeping); pathogen detection in stool sample	10% of mothers with children under 5 years recruited as “surveillance officers” (SO) and trained by InZone students	Questionnaires will be completed weekly by SO via a mobile application
3S: Snakes, Surveillance and Smart tech	A community-based, risk assessment project for snakebites, measuring the distribution of snakes using a multi-layered real-time data collection method	Number of snake sightings; number of snakebites; environmental indicators (e.g., temperature, precipitation or floods); time, location of observations	“Snake Champions” found through InZone to motivate/promote people to use the App/SMS/calls.	Three-way data collection system: mobile phone App, SMS to collect descriptive data on the snake or call