Table 1.
Study design characteristics of included studies.
| Study author & year | Study design | Country | Total no. of patients | Mean/Median age (years) | Males (%) | Confirmation of COVID-19 | Diabetes (N) | Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arentz M et al., 2020[21] | Retrospective | USA | 21 | 70 (43–92) | 52% | RT-PCR | 7 | High |
| Barrasa H et al., 2020[14] | Prospective cohort | Vitoria, Spain | 48 | 63.3 ± 12 | 56% | RT-PCR | 9 | High |
| Cao et al., 2020 [22] | Retrospective Cohort | Wuhan, China | 102 | 54 (37–67) | 52% | RT-PCR | 11 | High |
| Chen T et al., 2020 [23] | Single centered, Retrospective study | Wuhan, China | 203 | 54 (41–68) | 53.20% | CT, RT-PCR, Chinese National Health Committee version 3-6 | 16 | High |
| Cheng Y et al., 2020 [24] | Prospective cohort | Wuhan, China | 701 | 63 (50–71) | 52.40% | CT; RT-PCR; fever or respiratory symptoms; leukopenia or lymphopenia | 100 | High |
| Chow N et al., 2020 [25] | Retrospective (MMWR report) | USA | 7162 | NR | NR | RT-PCR | 784 | High |
| Deng Y. et al., 2020 [26] | Retrospective study | Wuhan, China | 225 | 54.5(47.5, 65.5) | 55.11% | Diagnosis and treatment protocol of National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. | 26 | High |
| Du R et al., 2020 (a) [16] | Prospective cohort | Wuhan, China | 179 | 57.6 ± 13.7 | 54.20% | WHO interim guidance | 33 | High |
| Du R. et al. (b) [27] | Multi- Center Observational study | Wuhan, China | 109 | 70.7 ± 10.9 | 67.90% | WHO interim guidance | 34 | High |
| Du Y. et al., 2020 [28] | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | 85 | 65.8 | 72.90% | National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China (5th edition), CT, RT-PCR | 19 | High |
| Feng Y. 2020 [29] | Multi- Center Retrospective cohort study | Wuhan, Shanghai, Anhui, China | 476 | 53 (40–64) | 56.90% | National Health Commission of China guidelines, CT, RT-PCR | 49 | High |
| Guo W et al., 2020 [13] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 174 | 59 (49–67) | 43.70% | RT-PCR | 24 | High |
| Gupta N et al., 2020 [30] | Retrospective observational case study | New Delhi, India | 21 | 40.3 (16–73) | 66.70% | Based on symptoms | 3 | Low |
| He X et al., 2020a [31] | Retrospective study | Wuhan, China | 54 | 68 (59.8, 74.3) | NR | Based on symptoms | 13 | Low |
| Huang C et al., 2020 [11] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 41 | 49 (41–58) | 73% | RT-PCR | 8 | Low |
| Jeong E et al., 2020 [18] | Cohort | Korea | 66 | 77 (35–93) | 56.10% | Korea centers for disease control and prevention | 23 | Medium |
| Lei S. et al., 2020 [32] | Multicenter Retrospective study | Wuhan, China | 34 | 55 (43–63) | 41.20% | RT-PCR | 8 | High |
| Li J et al., 2020 [33] | Retrospective cohort | Wuhan, China | 658 | 57.5 (42–67) | 45.10% | CT, Lab(viral nucleic acid test | 129 | High |
| Li T et al., 2020 [34] | Cross sectional | Wuhan, China | 182 | 68.5 ± 8.8 | 35% | RT-PCR, Next generation sequencing | 51 | High |
| Li X et al., 2020 [35] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 25 | 71.88 | 40% | RT-PCR | 10 | Medium |
| Lian J. et al., 2020 [36] | Retrospective study | Zhejiang province, China | 788 | 54.71 ± 9.34 | 51.64% | RT-PCR | 57 | High |
| Liang W et al. [37] | Retrospective Cohort Study | In and outside Hubei, China | 1590 | 48.9 ± 16.3 | 57.30% | RT-PCR | 130 | High |
| Liu K et al., 2020 [12] | Retrospective | Hubei Province | 137 | 55 ± 16 | 44.50% | RT-PCR | 14 | High |
| Liu R. et al., 2020a [38] | Retrospective study | Jiangsu, China | 33 | 50 ± 12 | 60.60% | CT | 1 | Done from abstract |
| Liu Y et al., 2020 [39] | Retrospective | Shenzhen, China | 12 | 53.66 | 66.66% | RT-PCR | 2 | Low |
| Mo P et al., 2020 [40] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 155 | 54 (42–66) | 55.50% | RT-PCR | 15 | High |
| Qin C et al., 2020 [41] | Retrospective cohort | Wuhan, China | 452 | 58 (47–67) | 52% | RT-PCR | 75 | High |
| Richardson S et al., 2020 [42] | Retrospective cohort | New York, USA | 5700 | 63 (52–75) | 60.30% | RT-PCR | 1808 | High |
| Shao F et al., 2020 [43] | Retrospective observational study | Wuhan, China | 136 | 69 (61–77) | 66.20% | Interim guidelines WHO | 27 | Medium |
| Sun C. et al., 2020 [44] | Retrospective study | Henan Province, China | 150 | 45 ± 16 | 44.66% | CT | 9 | Low |
| Wan S et al., 2020 [45] | Retrospective | Chongqing, China | 135 | 47 (36–55) | 53.30% | RT-PCR | 12 | High |
| Wang D et al., 2020 [6] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 138 | 56 (42–68) | 54.30% | WHO Interim Guidance | 14 | High |
| Wang L. et al., 2020 [68] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 116 | 54 (38–69) | 57.80% | RT-PCR | 18 | High |
| Wang Lang et al., 2020 [46] | Retrospective study | Wuhan, China | 339 | 71 ± 8 | 48.96% | Chest X-ray, CT | 54 | High |
| Wang X et al., 2020 [47] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 1012 | 50 (39–58) | 51.80% | RT-PCR | 27 | High |
| Yan K et al., 2020 [48] | Retrospective study | San Diego, California, USA | 128 | 48.25 | 47.65% | RT-PCR | 14 | High |
| Yao Q et al., 2020 [10] | Retrospective cohort study | Hubei, China | 108 | 52(37–58) | 39.80% | CT, RT-PCR | 5 | High |
| Yuan M et al., 2020 [49] | Retrospective | Hubei Province | 27 | 60 (47–69) | 45% | RT-PCR | 6 | High |
| Zhang G. et al., 2020 [50] | Single center, retrospective study | Wuhan, China | 221 | 55.0 (39.0–66.5) | 48.90% | WHO interim guidance | 22 | High |
| Zhang J et al., 2020 [51] | Retrospective | Wuhan, China | 140 | 57 | 57% | CT, RT-PCR | 17 | High |
| Zheng K et al., 2020 [53] | Retrospective | Wenzhou, China | 214 | 66 | 25.8% | RT-PCR | 16 | High |
| Zhang P et al., 2020 [52] | Multicenter retrospective cohort | Wuhan, China | 522 | 64 (56–68) | 55.30% | CT; RT-PCR | 126 | High |
| Zhou F et al., 2020 [54] | Retrospective cohort study | Wuhan, China | 191 | 56 (46–67) | 62% | RT-PCR | 36 | High |
CT: computerized tomography; MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; RT-PCR: Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction.
a
Represents abstract.