. 2020 Aug 20;32(4):537–547.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.013

Table 2.

Hazard Ratios for Acidosis and Lactic Acidosis between Individuals in the Metformin and the Non-metformin Groups

Metformin versus Non-metformin	Time-Varying Cox Model Exposure before PSM		Hazard in All Groups after PSM
Metformin versus Non-metformin	Adjusted HR^a (95% CI)	p Value^b	Adjusted HR^c (95% CI)	p Value^d
Acidosis	2.45 (1.08,5.54)	0.032	2.73 (1.04,7.13)	0.040
Lactic acidosis	4.66 (1.45,14.99)	0.010	4.46 (1.11,18.00)	0.036

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

In the time-varying Cox model, adjusted variables for comparison between the metformin and the non-metformin cohorts included age, gender, comorbidities (cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease), blood glucose, C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine.

The p values were calculated based on the time-varying Cox model.

In the mixed-effect Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted variables for comparison between the metformin and the non-metformin cohorts included age, gender, C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, red blood cell, creatinine, and hospital site as a random effect.

The p values were calculated based on mixed-effect Cox proportional hazard model.