TABLE 1.

TRIM proteins directly antagonizing viruses.

Virus family	Virus	TRIM	Molecular mechanism	Ref.
Retroviruses	HIV-1	TRIM5α	premature uncoating of the capsid	[27]
		TRIM5α	enhanced recognition by the immune system	[12,28]
		TRIM11	premature uncoating of the capsid	[24]
		TRIM19	stabilizes Daxx to inhibit reverse transcription	[25]
		TRIM22	blocks binding of SP1 to the HIV-1 LTR	[22]
		TRIM25	co-factor of ZAP	[19–21]
		TRIM33	targets HIV-1 IN for degradation	[26]
		TRIM37	inhibits viral DNA synthesis	[23]
	HIV-1 & SIV	TRIM34	targets the capsid	[32]
	MLV	TRIM5α	premature uncoating of the capsid	[30,31]
Hepadnaviruses	HBV	TRIM5α	inhibits viral transcription	[33]
		TRIM6	inhibits viral transcription	[33]
		TRIM14	inhibits viral transcription	[33]
		TRIM21	targets HBV Pol for degradation	[34]
		TRIM22	represses the HBV core promoter	[35]
		TRIM25	inhibits viral transcription	[33]
		TRIM25	restricts replication	[36]
		TRIM26	inhibits viral transcription	[33]
		TRIM31	inhibits viral transcription	[33]
		TRIM41	targets the HBV promoter to inhibit transcription	[33]
Herpesviruses	HSV-1	TRIM19	restricts replication	[37]
		TRIM19	co-sensor for viral DNA	[38]
	EBV	TRIM5α	targets EBV Rta for degradation	[40]
	EBV & hCMV	TRIM28	promotes unintended reactivation	[41]
	KSHV	TRIM28	represses lytic gene expression	[42]
	VZV	TRIM19	entraps the forming nucleocapsids	[39]
	Multiple Herpesviruses	TRIM43	targets the centrosomal protein pericentrin for degradation to represses active viral chromatin states	[43]
Negative-strand RNA viruses	JUNV & TCRV	TRIM2	inhibits virus entry	[51]
	IAV	TRIM14	targets IAV NP for degradation	[49]
		TRIM22	target IAV NP for degradation	[48]
		TRIM32	targets IAV PB1 for degradation	[50]
		TRIM41	targets IAV NP for degradation	[47]
	IAV & IBV	TRIM56	restricts RNA synthesis	[46]
	VSV	TRIM41	targets VSV N for degradation	[45]
		TRIM69	sequesters VSV P	[44]
Flaviviruses and other positive-strand viruses	HCV	TRIM14	targets HCV NS5A for degradation	[55]
		TRIM22	targets HCV NS5A for degradation	[56]
	JEV	TRIM52	targets JEV NS2A for degradation	[57]
	ZIKV	TRIM56	restricts replication	[52]
	DENV	TRIM69	targets DENV NS3 for degradation	[54]
	DENV & YFV	TRIM56	restricts early stages of replication	[53]
	SINV	TRIM25	co-factor of ZAP	[19–21]
	PRRSV	TRIM22	interacts with PRRSV N	[58]
Various virus species		TRIM21	Targets antibody-opsonized viruses for degradation	[16–18]
		TRIM25	co-factor of antiviral ZAP	[19–21]