TABLE. Demographic and clinical characteristics of children aged <18 years hospitalized with COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 14 States,* March 1–July 25, 2020†.
| Characteristic | No./Total no. (%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ages | 0–2 yrs | 2–4 yrs | 5–17 yrs | |
|
Age (N = 576)
| ||||
| 0–2 mos |
108/576 (18.8) |
— |
— |
— |
| 3–5 mos |
20/576 (3.5) |
— |
— |
— |
| 6–11 mos |
29/576 (5.0) |
— |
— |
— |
| 12–23 mos |
31/576 (5.4) |
— |
— |
— |
| 2–4 yrs |
50/576 (8.7) |
— |
— |
— |
| 5–11 yrs |
97/576 (16.8) |
— |
— |
— |
| 12–17 yrs |
241/576 (41.8) |
— |
— |
— |
|
Age (N = 576) median (IQR)
|
8 yrs (9 mos–15 yrs) |
|||
|
Sex (N = 576)
| ||||
| Male |
292/576 (50.7) |
106/188 (56.4) |
25/50 (50.0) |
161/338 (47.6) |
| Female |
284/576 (49.3) |
82/188 (43.6) |
25/50 (50.0) |
177/338 (52.4) |
|
Race/Ethnicity (N = 526)
| ||||
| NH White |
74/526 (14.1) |
29/162 (17.9) |
5/46 (10.9) |
40/318 (12.6) |
| NH Black |
156/526 (29.7) |
38/162 (23.5) |
17/46 (37.0) |
101/318 (31.8) |
| Hispanic or Latino |
241/526 (45.8) |
73/162 (45.1) |
18/46 (39.1) |
150/318 (47.2) |
| NH American Indian/Alaska Native |
4/526 (0.8) |
0/162 (—) |
0/46 (—) |
4/318 (1.3) |
| NH Asian or Pacific Islander |
24/526 (4.6) |
13/162 (8.0) |
3/46 (6.5) |
8/318 (2.5) |
| Multiple races |
3/526 (0.6) |
0/162 (—) |
1/46 (2.2) |
2/318 (0.6) |
| Unknown |
24/526 (4.6) |
9/162 (5.6) |
2/46 (4.3) |
13/318 (4.1) |
|
Any underlying condition (N = 222)
|
94/222 (42.3) |
14/65 (21.5) |
9/24 (37.5) |
71/133 (53.4) |
| Obesity§ |
42/111 (37.8) |
N/A |
6/18 (33.3) |
36/93 (38.7) |
| Chronic lung disease |
40/222 (18.0) |
2/65 (3.1) |
4/24 (16.7) |
34/133 (25.6) |
| Asthma |
30/222 (13.5) |
1/65 (1.5) |
0/24 (0) |
29/133 (21.8) |
| Prematurity (gestational age <37 weeks)¶ |
10/65 (15.4) |
10/65 (15.4) |
N/A |
N/A |
| Neurologic disorder |
31/222 (14.0) |
6/65 (9.2) |
7/24 (29.2) |
18/133 (13.5) |
| Immunocompromised condition |
12/222 (5.4) |
0/65 (—) |
2/24 (8.3) |
10/133 (7.5) |
| Feeding tube dependent |
12/222 (5.4) |
4/65 (6.2) |
3/24 (12.5) |
5/133 (3.8) |
| Chronic metabolic disease |
10/222 (4.5) |
1/65 (1.5) |
0/24 (—) |
9/133 (6.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus |
6/222 (2.7) |
0/65 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
6/133 (4.5) |
| Blood disorders |
8/222 (3.6) |
0/65 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
8/133 (6.0) |
| Sickle cell disease |
5/222 (2.3) |
0/65 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
5/133 (3.8) |
| Cardiovascular disease |
7/222 (3.2) |
2/65 (3.1) |
2/24 (8.3) |
3/133 (2.3) |
| Congenital heart disease |
4/222 (1.8) |
2/65 (3.1) |
1/24 (4.2) |
1/133 (0.8) |
|
Any underlying condition by race/ethnicity (N = 94)
| ||||
| NH White |
14/94 (14.9) |
4/14 (28.6) |
0/9 (—) |
10/71 (14.1) |
| NH Black |
28/94 (29.8) |
3/14 (21.4) |
2/9 (22.2) |
23/71 (32.4) |
| Hispanic or Latino |
43/94 (45.7) |
7/14 (50) |
6/9 (66.7) |
30/71 (42.3) |
| NH American Indian/Alaska Native |
2/94 (2.1) |
0/14 (—) |
0/9 (—) |
2/71 (2.8) |
| NH Asian or Pacific Islander |
3/94 (3.2) |
0/14 (—) |
0/9 (—) |
3/71 (4.2) |
| Multiracial |
1/94 (1.1) |
0/14 (—) |
1/9 (11.1) |
0/71 (—) |
| Unknown |
3/94 (3.2) |
0/14 (—) |
0/9 (—) |
3/71 (4.2) |
|
Signs and symptoms (N = 224)
| ||||
| Fever/chills |
121/224 (54.0) |
50/67 (74.6) |
13/24 (54.2) |
58/133 (43.6) |
| Inability to eat/poor feeding¶ |
22/67 (32.8) |
22/67 (32.8) |
N/A |
N/A |
| Nausea/vomiting |
69/224 (30.8) |
14/67 (20.9) |
6/24 (25.0) |
49/133 (36.8) |
| Cough |
66/224 (29.5) |
17/67 (25.4) |
3/24 (12.5) |
46/133 (34.6) |
| Nasal congestion/rhinorrhea |
53/224 (23.7) |
22/67 (32.8) |
5/24 (20.8) |
26/133 (19.5) |
| Shortness of breath/respiratory distress |
50/224 (22.3) |
9/67 (13.4) |
2/24 (8.3) |
39/133 (29.3) |
| Abdominal pain |
42/224 (18.8) |
2/67 (3.0) |
3/24 (12.5) |
37/133 (27.8) |
| Diarrhea |
27/224 (12.1) |
5/67 (7.5) |
3/24 (12.5) |
19/133 (14.3) |
|
Hospitalization length of stay (N = 208) median days (IQR)
|
2.5 (1—5) |
2 (1—2) |
3 (1—4) |
3 (2—6) |
|
Chest radiograph findings (N = 67)
| ||||
| Infiltrate/consolidation |
44/67 (65.7) |
8/15 (53.3) |
3/9 (33.3) |
33/43 (76.7) |
| Bronchopneumonia/pneumonia |
14/67 (20.9) |
2/15 (13.3) |
0/9 (—) |
12/43 (27.9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pleural effusion |
4/67 (6.0) |
0/15 (—) |
1/9 (11.1) |
3/43 (7.0) |
|
Chest CT findings (N = 14)
| ||||
| Ground glass opacities |
10/14 (71.4) |
1/1 (100.0) |
1/1 (100.0) |
8/12 (66.7) |
| Infiltrate/consolidation |
7/14 (50.0) |
0/1 (—) |
0/1 (—) |
7/12 (58.3) |
| Bronchopneumonia/pneumonia |
4/14 (28.6) |
0/1 (—) |
0/1 (—) |
4/12 (33.3) |
| Pleural effusion |
3/14 (21.4) |
0/1 (—) |
0/1 (—) |
3/12 (25.0) |
|
COVID-19 investigational treatment (N = 208)** | ||||
| Received treatment |
12/208 (5.8) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
12/123 (9.8) |
| Remdesivir |
9/208 (4.3) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
9/123 (7.3) |
| Azithromycin†† |
6/208 (2.9) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
6/123 (4.9) |
| Hydroxychloroquine |
4/208 (1.9) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
4/123 (3.3) |
| Convalescent plasma |
1/208 (0.5) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
1/123 (0.8) |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir§§ |
1/208 (0.5) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
1/123 (0.8) |
|
ICU admission (N = 208)
|
69/208 (33.2) |
19/61 (31.1) |
9/24 (37.5) |
41/123 (33.3) |
| ICU length of stay median days (IQR) |
2 (1—5) |
1 (1—3) |
2 (2—5) |
3.5 (1—7) |
|
Interventions (N = 208)
¶¶
| ||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation*** |
12/207 (5.8) |
0/61 (—) |
4/24 (16.7) |
8/122 (6.6) |
| BIPAP/CPAP*** |
8/207 (3.9) |
2/61 (3.3) |
2/24 (8.3) |
4/122 (3.3) |
| High flow nasal cannula*** |
5/207 (2.4) |
1/61 (1.6) |
1/24 (4.2) |
3/122 (2.5) |
| Systemic steroids |
19/208 (9.1) |
1/61 (1.6) |
4/24(16.7) |
14/123 (11.4) |
| IVIG |
14/208 (6.7) |
1/61 (1.6) |
5/24 (20.8) |
8/123 (6.5) |
| Vasopressor |
10/208 (4.8) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
10/123 (8.1) |
|
New clinical discharge diagnoses (N = 208)
| ||||
| Pneumonia |
23/208 (11.1) |
2/61 (3.3) |
2/24 (8.3) |
19/123 (15.4) |
| Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)††† |
9/83 (10.8) |
1/15 (6.7) |
5/15 (33.3) |
3/53 (5.7) |
| Acute respiratory failure |
10/208 (4.8) |
0/61 (—) |
3/24 (12.5) |
7/123 (5.7) |
| Acute kidney injury |
6/208 (2.9) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
6/123 (4.9) |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis |
6/208 (2.9) |
0/61 (—) |
0/24 (—) |
6/123 (4.9) |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
4/208 (1.9) |
1/61 (1.6) |
0/24 (—) |
3/123 (2.4) |
| Died during hospitalization (N = 208) | 1/208 (0.5) | 0/61 (—) | 0/24 (—) | 1/123 (0.8) |
Abbreviations: BIPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; CT = computed tomography; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-NET = COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network; ICU = intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range; IVIG = intravenous immune globulin; N/A = not applicable; NH = non-Hispanic.
* California, Connecticut, Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah.
† Analyses were conducted on all available data; however, for hospitalization length of stay, radiology findings, treatments, ICU admission, interventions, new clinical diagnoses, and outcome, only cases with a complete medical chart review and a discharge disposition (i.e. discharged alive or died during hospitalization) were included.
§ Obesity was defined as body mass index (kg/m2) ≥95th percentile for age and sex based on CDC growth charts among children aged ≥2 years; this was not evaluated for children <2 years.
¶ Data collected only on children aged <2 years.
** Not mutually exclusive treatment categories.
†† Given with at least one other COVID-19 investigational treatment.
§§ Not given for human immunodeficiency virus infection.
¶¶ Two hospitalized children received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (1 each aged <2 years and 5–17 years). None received renal replacement therapy.
*** Highest level of respiratory support for each case that needed respiratory support.
††† Since June 18, a discharge diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was systematically collected through COVID-NET.