Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study popuiona.
DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; HCO3: bicarbonate level; PCO2: partial pressure of arterial or venous carbon dioxide; SID: strong ion difference.
aPlus-minus values represents mean ± standard deviation. The non-parametric distributed data were represented as median (interquartile range).bChi-square test.
| Characteristics | Hartmann’s group (n = 79) | High SID group (n = 78) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age—years | 61.3 ± 14.9 | 64.0 ± 15.9 | 0.279 |
| Gender—no. (%) | |||
| Male | 52 (65.8) | 41 (52.6) | |
| Female | 27 (34.2) | 37 (47.4) | 0.091b |
| Ethnicity—no. (%) | |||
| Malay | 31 (39.2) | 30 (38.5) | |
| Chinese | 31 (39.2) | 34 (45.6) | |
| India | 16 (20.3) | 13 (16.7) | |
| Others | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 0.928b |
| Height (cm) | 163.7 ± 7.3 | 160.4 ± 7.2 | 0.230 |
| Weight (kg) | 65 (60–70) | 65 (60–70) | 0.331 |
| GCS | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 0.614 |
| Premorbid—no. (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 48 (60.8) | 41 (52.6) | 0.300b |
| Diabetes mellitus | 47 (59.5) | 41 (52.6) | 0.382b |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 8 (10.1) | 2 (2.6) | 0.052b |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10 (12.7) | 8 (10.3) | 0.637b |
| Dyslipidemia | 19 (24.0) | 20 (25.6) | 0.818b |
| Source of sepsis—no. (%) | |||
| Brain | 3 (3.8) | 3 (3.8) | |
| Lungs | 30 (38.0) | 28 (35.9) | |
| Abdomen | 11 (13.9) | 14 (17.9) | |
| Skin | 11 (13.9) | 9 (11.5) | |
| Urinary tract | 11 (13.9) | 6 (7.7) | |
| Unknown | 13 (16.5) | 18 (23.1) | 0.715b |
| Concurrent DKA—no. (%) | |||
| Yes | 16 (20.3) | 15 (19.2) | |
| No | 63 (79.7) | 63 (80.8) | 0.872b |
| Intubated—no. (%) | 15 (19.0) | 13 (16.7) | 0.704b |
| Use of inotropes—no. (%) | 23 (29.1) | 19 (24.4) | 0.510b |
| Fluid received per kilogram (mL/kg) | 22.73 ± 5.59 | 23.62 ± 5.83 | 0.331 |
| Admission—no. (%) | |||
| General medical ward | 58 (73.4) | 60 (76.9) | |
| General surgical ward | 8 (10.1) | 10 (12.8) | |
| Intensive units | 13 (16.5) | 8 (10.3) | 0.758b |
| Pre fluid resuscitation | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 94.8 ± 19.3 | 93.4 ± 17.9 | 0.641 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 59.3 ± 14.4 | 57.8 ± 14.0 | 0.514 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 71.1 ± 15.0 | 69.7 ± 13.7 | 0.528 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 119.4 ± 20.3 | 115.4 ± 18.5 | 0.205 |
| Capillary refilling time | |||
| < 2 seconds—no. (%) | 68 (86.1) | 67 (85.9) | |
| > 2 seconds—no. (%) | 11 (13.9) | 11 (14.1) | 0.974b |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) | 28 (24–32) | 28 (24–30) | 0.687 |
| pH | 7.217 ± 0.131 | 7.229 ± 0.115 | 0.547 |
| PCO2 (mmHg) | 30.7 (23–40.6) | 29.7 (22.8–39.7) | 0.782 |
| HCO3 (mEq/L) | 14.3 ± 4.7 | 14.5 ± 4.6 | 0.792 |
| Base excess (mEq) | -12.5 ± 7.1 | -12.9 ± 7.0 | 0.752 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 6.5 ± 3.7 | 0.947 |
| Post fluid resuscitation | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.2 ± 18.3 | 118.9 ± 16.4 | 0.549 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.3 ± 13.9 | 68.8 ± 13.7 | 0.806 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 84.6 ± 13.8 | 85.5 ± 12.7 | 0.664 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 107.3 ± 19.2 | 103.1 ± 16.5 | 0.140 |
| Capillary refilling time | |||
| < 2 seconds—no. (%) | 75 (94.9) | 78 (100.0) | |
| > 2 seconds—no. (%) | 4 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.044b |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) | 19.5 ± 10.4 | 19.3 ± 9.5 | 0.914 |
| pH | 7.232 ± 0.160 | 7.336 ± 0.125 | < 0.001 |
| PCO2 (mmHg) | 36.2 (27.1–41.6) | 34.1 (27.7–39.6) | 0.321 |
| HCO3 (mEq/L) | 15.6 ± 4.7 | 18.8 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
| Base excess (mEq) | -10.38 ± 7.07 | -6.18 ± 7.23 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 5.41 ± 3.55 | 4.74 ± 3.42 | 0.229 |