Selective phosphorylation of RET and activation of downstream signaling in RET-expressing cells by BT44. BT44 increased the level of phosphorylated RET (a) and ERK (c) in MG87RET cells transfected with GFRα3- or GFP-expressing plasmid. BT44 did not increase the level of phosphorylated TrkA or TrkB (b) or ERK (d) in MG87TrkA and MG87TrkB cells. Western blot quantification of RET phosphorylation level (e and f) and ERK phosphorylation levels (g and h). The data are presented as percentages of activation ± SEM, with the values in ARTN-treated well standardized to 100%, n = 3–7 (e to h). All cell lines respond to respective controls (MG87RET/GFRα3 to ARTN (250 ng/ml), MG87TrkA to NGF (200 ng/ml) and MG87TrkB to BDNF (200 ng/ml). IP: immunoprecipitation; WB: Western blotting; NGF: nerve growth factor; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; pY: phosphotyrosine; pERK: phosphorylated form of ERK1/2; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, house-keeping protein, loading control; GFP: green fluorescent protein. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P< 0.001, ***P < 0.0001, RM ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test.