TABLE 1.
A list of applications using B. subtilis spores
| Application | B. subtilis derivative or relativea | Anchor protein | Target moleculeb | Specific function (reference[s]) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Improving enzyme thermostability | DB403 | CotB | Lipase Tm1350 (extremophile) | Food processing and biodiesel, etc. (25) |
| WB800 | CotZ | DPEase (extremophile) | Food processing (26) | |
| DB104 | CotG | Haloalkane dehalogenase | Bioremediation (30) | |
| DB104 | CotE | Tyrosinase | Bioremediation, biosensor, biomedicine, and biocatalysis (29, 94) | |
| PY79 | CotG | Chitinase | Biopesticide (38) | |
| PY79 | CotG, OxdD | Phytase | Feed enzyme for monogastric animals (31) (16) | |
| WB800N | CotC | Trehalose synthase | Food processing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agricultural products (32) | |
| PY79 | CotZ, OxdD | β-Galactosidase | Food processing (33) (16) | |
| Recombinant vaccines | PY79 | CotB | TTFC | Against tetanus toxin (13) |
| WB600 | CotC | CsPmy | Against Clonorchis sinensis (95) | |
| PY79 | CotC | OmpC | Against Salmonella (50) | |
| PY79 | COtB | VP28 | Against white spot syndrome virus (51) | |
| GC5 | CotC | Sip | Against Streptococcus agalactiae (52) | |
| Nonrecombinant vaccines | PY79 | TTFC | Against tetanus toxin (54) | |
| PY79 | PA | Against Bacillus anthracis (54) | ||
| PY79 | GST-Cpa | Against Clostridium perfringens (54) | ||
| HU58 and DS127 | MPT64 and Acr-Ag85B | Against tuberculosis (96) | ||
| 1012 | DNA vaccine | Against human papillomavirus and type 1 human herpes virus (97) | ||
| Adjuvant | PY79 | TTFC | Adjuvant for tetanus vaccine (98) | |
| PY79 | Inactivated H5N1 virus | Adjuvant for H5N1 influenza (99) | ||
| Nanobody production | WB800N | Caffeine, methotrexate, CTLA-4, PD-L1 | Small molecule capturing or antigen detection (60) | |
| Drug delivery | B. coagulans | Curcumin and folate | Colon cancer (63) | |
| PY79 | CotB | Antibody and paclitaxel | Colon cancer (65) | |
| 3D printing | PY79 | Living materials (71) | ||
| Self-healing concrete | B. sphaericus | Precipitation of CaCO3 | Fixing cracks in concrete (79) | |
| NCTC 8236 | Precipitation of CaCO3 | Fixing cracks in concrete (100) | ||
| MTCC 441 | Formation of Ca2Al2SiO7 | Fixing cracks in concrete (80) | ||
| Biosorption | PY79 and RH201 | CotB | Toxic metal ions (e.g., Ni2+) via an 18-histidine amino acid display | Bioremediation (91) |
| Various derivatives | Rare earth ions | Biosorption (87) |
a
Unless specified with a species names, organisms are B. subtilis derivatives.
b
Unless specified as from an extremophile, enzymes are derived from mesophiles.