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. 2020 Aug 20;10(8):e035126. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035126

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Observed to expected opioid prescribing rate. State-level variation in the opioid prescribing rate for knee arthroscopies among patients who were opioid-naïve. The median state-level prescribing rate during these years was 72%. The observed prescribed rate is displayed within each state. States with higher-than-expected prescribing rates based on covariates are highlighted in red and those with lower-than-expected prescribing rates are shown in blue. Expected prescribing rate was adjusted for casemix with age, sex, procedure type, race, ethnicity, education, household income, comorbidities and year, using multivariate logistic regression.