Table 1.

Patient characteristics stratified by filled prescription within 3 days of surgery

Patient characteristics	Opioid-naïve	Opioid-naïve and opioid prescription (n=71.190)	P value
	(n=27 433)
Age (mean, SD)	52.28 (18.82	46.71 (17.77)	<0.001
Gender
Male	12 894 (47.0%)	32 445 (45.6%)	<0.001
Female	14 537 (53.0%)	38 741 (54.4%)
Unknown	2 (0.0%)	4 (0.0%)
Education level			<0.001
No high school degree	46 (0.2%)	120 (0.2%)
High school degree	5208 (19.0%)	12 934 (18.2%)
Some college	14 011 (51.1%)	36 685 (51.5%)
Bachelor’s degree or more	5915 (21.6%)	16 680 (23.4%)
Unknown	87 (0.3%)	223 (0.3%)
Procedure type
Invasive	6135 (22.4%)	19 876 (27.9%)	<0.001
Household income			<0.001
Less than 40 k	2699 (9.8%)	6536 (9.2%)
40–49 k	1077 (3.9%)	2766 (3.9%)
50–59 k	1367 (5.0%)	3186 (4.5%)
60–74 k	2155 (7.9%)	5104 (7.2%)
75–99 k	3874 (14.1%)	9487 (13.3%)
100 k and more	10 528 (38.4%)	29 415 (41.3%)
Unknown	2166 (13.0%)	4548 (14.3%)
Ethnicity			<0.001
Asian	559 (2.0%)	1738 (2.4%)
Black	1650 (6.0%)	4303 (6.0%)
Hispanic	2306 (8.4%)	5797 (8.1%)
White	19 714 (71.9%)	52 106 (73.2%)
Unknown	3204 (11.7%)	7246 (10.2%)
Comorbidity
Mean no of elixhauser comorbidities (SD)	1.20 (1.59)	0.91 (1.35)	<0.001
Hypertension (%)	8708 (31.7%)	17 165 (24.1%)	<0.001
Chronic pulmonary disease (%)	161(0.6%)	278 (0.4%)	<0.001
Depression (%)	2181 (8.0%)	5268 (7.4%)	0.003
Diabetes (%)	1199 (4.4%)	2285 (3.2%)	<0.001
Psychoses (%)	65 (0.2%)	117 (0.2%)	0.009
Alcohol abuse (%)	187 (0.7%)	436 (0.6%)	0.888
Drug abuse (%)	207 (0.8%)	300 (0.4%)	<0.001
Median no tablets (IQR)	–	40 (30–50)
Days supplied, median (IQR)	–	5 (4–7)
MME/prescription, median (IQR)	–	250 (150–375)

MME, morphine milligram equivalent.