Table 2.
Risk factors for maternal mortality with progressive adjustment
| Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted for age | Distal factors* | Intermediate factors† | Proximal factors‡ | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age (y) | ||||||||||
| 13–19 | 4.23 | 3.80 to 4.73 | NA | – | 4.12 | 3.69 to 4.62 | 4.34 | 3.87 to 4.85 | 3.66 | 3.27 to 4.10 |
| 20–24 | 1.20 | 1.11 to 1.30 | NA | – | 1.20 | 1.11 to 1.30 | 1.25 | 1.15 to 1.35 | 1.16 | 1.07 to 1.26 |
| 25–29 | 1.00 | – | NA | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 30–34 | 1.25 | 1.14 to 1.37 | NA | – | 1.25 | 1.14 to 1.37 | 1.20 | 1.10 to 1.32 | 1.19 | 1.08 to 1.31 |
| 35–39 | 2.06 | 1.86 to 2.27 | NA | – | 2.03 | 1.83 to 2.25 | 1.91 | 1.72 to 2.12 | 1.92 | 1.72 to 2.13 |
| 40–49 | 3.17 | 2.83 to 3.54 | NA | – | 3.13 | 2.79 to 3.51 | 2.91 | 2.60 to 3.27 | 2.80 | 2.49 to 3.15 |
| Distal factors | ||||||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Rural | 1.34 | 1.23 to 1.47 | 1.28 | 1.17 to 1.40 | 1.23 | 1.12 to 1.34 | 1.05 | 0.95 to 1.15 | 0.97 | 0.88 to 1.07 |
| Religion | ||||||||||
| Hindu | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Buddhist | 0.43 | 0.09 to 2.01 | 0.45 | 0.10 to 2.12 | 0.46 | 0.10 to 2.14 | 0.52 | 0.11 to 2.46 | 0.58 | 0.12 to 2.77 |
| Christian | 1.03 | 0.82 to 1.30 | 1.01 | 0.80 to 1.26 | 1.02 | 0.81 to 1.28 | 0.90 | 0.70 to 1.14 | 0.58 | 0.46 to 0.74 |
| Jain | 0.58 | 0.20 to 1.65 | 0.63 | 0.22 to 1.79 | 0.77 | 0.27 to 2.20 | 0.91 | 0.32 to 2.61 | 1.16 | 0.40 to 3.36 |
| Muslim | 0.83 | 0.76 to 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.73 to 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.77 to 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.69 to 0.83 | 0.64 | 0.59 to 0.70 |
| Sikh | 0.86 | 0.48 to 1.52 | 0.94 | 0.53 to 1.67 | 1.03 | 0.58 to 1.82 | 1.12 | 0.63 to 1.99 | 1.08 | 0.61 to 1.92 |
| Other | 1.03 | 0.78 to 1.37 | 0.96 | 0.72 to 1.27 | 0.88 | 0.66 to 1.18 | 0.76 | 0.56 to 1.02 | 0.72 | 0.54 to 0.97 |
| Social group | ||||||||||
| Other | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Scheduled caste | 1.22 | 1.14 to 1.31 | 1.20 | 1.12 to 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.06 to 1.23 | 1.10 | 1.02 to 1.19 | 1.10 | 1.02 to 1.18 |
| Scheduled tribe | 1.24 | 1.14 to 1.34 | 1.19 | 1.10 to 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.05 to 1.26 | 1.11 | 1.02 to 1.21 | 1.43 | 1.31 to 1.56 |
| Wealth index | ||||||||||
| Wealthiest | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Quintile 4 | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.17 | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.17 | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.18 | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.14 | 0.99 | 0.89 to 1.09 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.16 | 1.06 to 1.27 | 1.14 | 1.04 to 1.25 | 1.17 | 1.06 to 1.28 | 1.09 | 0.99 to 1.20 | 0.97 | 0.88 to 1.07 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.25 | 1.14 to 1.37 | 1.21 | 1.11 to 1.32 | 1.22 | 1.11 to 1.33 | 1.11 | 1.02 to 1.22 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.07 |
| Lowest quintile | 1.21 | 1.10 to 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.08 to 1.30 | 1.15 | 1.05 to 1.26 | 1.08 | 0.98 to 1.18 | 0.81 | 0.74 to 0.90 |
| Has health scheme | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| No | 1.24 | 1.10 to 1.39 | 1.26 | 1.12 to 1.41 | 1.36 | 1.21 to 1.53 | 1.33 | 1.18 to 1.50 | 2.72 | 2.41 to 3.07 |
| Intermediate factors | ||||||||||
| Accessed health facility | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | NA | – | 1.00 | – |
| No | 2.26 | 2.13 to 2.40 | 2.21 | 2.09 to 2.35 | 2.22 | 2.08 to 2.36 | NA | – | – | 2.93 |
| Proximal factors§ | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 36.5 | 32.8 to 40.7 | 36.2 | 32.6 to 40.3 | 40.1 | 35.9 to 44.8 | 50.2 | 44.5 to 56.6 | NA | – |
*Further adjusted for distal factors.
†Further adjusted for accessing health facility.
‡Further adjusted for proximal factors.
§Pregnancy complication or medical comorbidity.
¶All analyses use logistic regression and are adjusted for clustering and survey design.