Table 3.

Primary and secondary outcomes by meal type

	Control (N = 10 meals)	AL (N = 11 meals)	AH (N = 11 meals)	P (control vs. AL)	P (control vs. AH)
Breakfast
Peak postprandial glucose level (mg/dL)	186 ± 51	234 ± 54	211 ± 51	0.06	0.24
Mean glucose (mg/dL)	135 (113, 149)	173 (148, 191)	162 (128, 169)	0.23	0.65
Coefficient of variation (%)	27 ± 14	24 ± 9	24 ± 7	0.61	0.69
% time in target range (70–180 mg/dL)	88 (65, 94)	48 (31, 100)	69 (59, 91)	0.24	0.67
% time <70 mg/dL	2.9 (0.0, 6.3)	0.0 (0.0, 0.0)	0.0 (0.0, 0.0)	0.57	0.65
Meals with ≥2 consecutive YSI <70 mg/dLa	4 (40)	0 (0)	2 (18)	NA	NA
Meals with ≥2 consecutive YSI <54 mg/dLa	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	NA
Meals with carbohydrate rescuea	4 (40)	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	NA
% time >140 mg/dL	63 (28, 73)	69 (53, 88)	69 (33, 79)	0.58	0.83
% time >180 mg/dL	8 (0, 32)	52 (0, 66)	31 (3, 41)	0.23	0.65
Mean serum insulin (μU/mL)	39 (35, 51)	37 (30, 60)	52 (43, 59)	0.58	0.65
Lunch
Peak postprandial glucose level (mg/dL)	184 ± 52	181 ± 42	180 ± 35	0.30	0.99
Mean glucose (mg/dL)	115 (104, 140)	132 (113, 152)	125 (115, 141)	0.53	0.82
Coefficient of variation (%)	25 ± 13	25 ± 12	26 ± 11	0.53	0.83
% time in target range (70–180 mg/dL)	75 (59, 100)	91 (66, 100)	91 (69, 100)	0.76	0.69
% time <70 mg/dL	3.1 (0.0, 9.4)	0.0 (0.0, 9.4)	0.0 (0.0, 12.5)	0.58	0.74
Meals with ≥2 consecutive YSI <70 mg/dLa	5 (50)	4 (36)	5 (45)	NA	NA
Meals with ≥2 consecutive YSI <54 mg/dLa	0 (0)	1 (9)	1 (9)	NA	NA
Meals with carbohydrate rescuea	2 (20)	1 (9)	2 (18)	NA	NA
% time >140 mg/dL	36 (0, 56)	34 (25, 56)	28 (13, 44)	0.53	0.84
% time >180 mg/dL	13 (0, 34)	0 (0, 28)	0 (0, 9)	0.72	0.67
Mean serum insulin (μU/mL)	44 (30, 52)	40 (29, 54)	47 (35, 69)	0.58	0.83

Data are n (%), means ± SD, or median (quartiles).

^aHypoglycemic events and carbohydrate rescues were post hoc outcomes, so P values were not computed for these metrics.