Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with diabetes by insurance cohort
| Characteristic | Continuously uninsured (n = 2,888) | Discontinuously insured (n = 5,770) | Continuously insured (n = 5,442) | Newly insured (n = 2,483) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex (%) | 45.7 | 43.2 | 41.5 | 46.8 | <0.001 |
| Age, years (mean)* | 44.4 | 47.0 | 46.7 | 47.4 | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity group (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Hispanic | 80.4 | 43.7 | 32.5 | 43.5 | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 9.4 | 30.2 | 43.6 | 38.2 | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 6.8 | 19.9 | 14.0 | 10.7 | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 2.3 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 4.2 | |
| Unknown | 1.0 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.5 | |
| No. of comorbidities (%)† | <0.001 | ||||
| One | 12.7 | 8.9 | 7.3 | 10.1 | |
| Two to four | 58.6 | 44.3 | 36.3 | 49.1 | |
| Five to six | 14.8 | 20.9 | 21.5 | 20.8 | |
| Seven or more | 6.9 | 19.7 | 29.9 | 13.6 | |
| Unknown | 7.1 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 6.4 | |
| No. of visits before ACA (mean) | 7.2 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 6.8 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker prior to ACA (%)‡ | 9.5 | 22.9 | 27.6 | 23.2 | <0.001 |
| Urban setting (%)§ | 94.4 | 93.8 | 93.8 | 92.9 | 0.147 |
This table includes all patients included in any of the specific biomarker analyses. For specific sample sizes and distributions used for each biomarker analysis, please refer to the footnote of Supplementary Table 2. χ2 tests for categorical variables and ANOVA tests for continuous variables were used to test for differences between insurance groups.
Patient age was the age as of 1 January 2012 (the beginning of the study period). The study sample was restricted to patients aged 19–64 years during the entire study period.
We considered 54 chronic diseases and comorbidities. See footnote of Supplementary Table 2 for the full list.
Binary category creation of current smoker vs. former smoker/never smoker/missing status.
Urban setting category was created by collapsing RUCA (rural-urban commuting area) codes “urban area” and “urban cluster.” Rural consists of “rural” and “small town.” Missing RUCA code was indicated as “unknown.”