Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and bioanthropometric characteristics of subjects with T2D and control subjects
| Subjects with T2D (n = 247) | Control subjects (n = 78) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 51.8 ± 11.9 | 51.5 ± 12.3 | 0.898 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 136 (55) | 42 (54) | 0.851 |
| Female | 111 (45) | 36 (46) | |
| Ethnic origin, n (%) | |||
| Caucasian | 155 (63) | 53 (68) | 0.405 |
| Black or other minority ethnicity | 92 (37) | 25 (32) | |
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Height, cm | 168 ± 10 | 170 ± 10 | 0.111 |
| Weight, kg | 96.9 ± 19.1 | 72.0 ± 13.6 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 34.2 ± 6.0 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 138 ± 16 | 129 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 87 ± 8 | 81 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 76 ± 12 | 63 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Diabetes duration, months | 61 (32–120) | N/A | N/A |
| Smoking history, n (%) | |||
| Never smoked | 140 (56) | 50 (64) | 0.023 |
| Ex-smoker | 68 (28) | 25 (32) | |
| Current smoker | 39 (16) | 3 (4) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 121 (49) | 5 (6) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 148 (60) | 7 (9) | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||
| ACE inhibitor, n (%) | 67 (27) | 4 (5) | <0.001 |
| ARB, n (%) | 28 (11) | 0 (0) | 0.002 |
| β-Blocker, n (%) | 16 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.024 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 50 (20) | 1 (1) | 0.001 |
| Statin, n (%) | 144 (58) | 7 (9) | <0.001 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 214 (87) | N/A | N/A |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 50 (20) | N/A | N/A |
| DPP-4 inhibitor, n (%) | 16 (6) | N/A | N/A |
| SGLT2 inhibitor, n (%) | 36 (15) | N/A | N/A |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist, n (%) | 17 (7) | N/A | N/A |
| Insulin, n (%) | 20 (8) | ||
| Fasting blood tests | |||
| Urea, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 0.656 |
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 74 ± 16 | 76 ± 15 | 0.147 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min | 84 ± 10 | 83 ± 9 | 0.811 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 7.7 (6.7–9.5) | 5.0 (4.8–5.3) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 57 ± 12 | 36 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 144 ± 15 | 144 ± 13 | 0.985 |
Data are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range). Boldface type indicates P < 0.05.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; bpm, beats per minute; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; N/A, not applicable; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.