Table 2. Operational definitions of the comorbidities (I).

ICD-10-CM code		Medication*	Number of diagnosis	Health check-up	Combination	Reference
Hypertension
	I10–I13, I15	Anti-hypertensive drugs	Admission ≥1 or outpatient department ≥2	N/A	1+2+3	19),20),22),23),43),47),48),78)
	I10–I13, I15	Anti-hypertensive drugs	At least once a year	SBP >140 mmHg or DBP >90 mmHg	1+2+3 or 4	65)
	I10–I11	Anti-hypertensive drugs	At least once a year	SBP >140 mmHg or DBP >90 mmHg	1+2+3 or 4	76)
Diabetes
	E11–E14	Antidiabetic agents	At least once a year	N/A	1+2+3	77)
	E11–E14	Antidiabetic agents	Admission ≥1 or outpatient department ≥2	N/A	1+2+3	19),22),23),43),47),48)
	E10–E14†	Antidiabetic agents	Admission ≥1 or outpatient department ≥2	N/A	1+2+3	20),78)
	E11–E14	Antidiabetic agents	At least once a year	Fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL	1+2+3 or 4	65),76)
	E10–E14†	Antidiabetic agents	At least once a year	Fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL	1+2+3 or 4	60)
Dyslipidemia
	E78	Lipid-lowering agent	At least once a year	TC ≥240 mg/dL	1+2+3 or 4	65),76)
	E78	N/A	At least once a year	N/A	1+3	22),43),47),48),79)
	E78	N/A	Admission ≥1 or outpatient department ≥2	N/A	1+3	53)

Combination: 1 = ICD-10-CM code; 2 = Medication; 3 = Number of diagnosis; and 4 = Health check-up.

DBP = diastolic blood pressure; ICD-10 = International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision; N/A = not applicable; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol.

^*Drug classification codes of medication are summarized in supplementary tables; ^†E10: type 1 diabetes mellitus.