Table 3.
Sub-group analysis for controlled cohort study patient demographics, appointments, service satisfaction, treatment outcome and COVID-19 related data. *, 2*,3*,4*,5*,6*,7*=statistical significance (p<0.05) between groups using post-hoc test after Bonferroni correction.***=absolute value given due to there being only one patient; df=degrees of freedom; AN=one-way ANOVA; KW=Kruskal–Wallis H test; CS=chi2 test; F=Fisher test; MW=Mann–Whitney U test; LA=local anaesthesia; RA=regional anaesthesia; GA=general anaesthesia; DC=dressings clinic; OPD= doctors outpatient department consultation; HT=hand therapy clinic; SOB=shortness of breath.
| Variables | Control Group (n = 250) | Non-Operative Group (n = 100) | Elective Plastic Surgery Group (n = 420) | Trauma Group (n = 270) | Burns Group (n = 39) | Test Statistic | df | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 59.01 (±23.49)*,3*,4*,6* | 50.14 (±17.11)*,2* | 69.45 (±15.53)2*,3*,5*,7* | 44.52 (±20.74)4*,5* | 32.97 (±28.46)6*,7* | 267.171 | 4 | <0.001 KW |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||||
| Female | 154 (61.6)*,2*,3*,4* | 38 (38)* | 175 (41.7)4* | 84 (31.1)3* | 11 (28.2)2* | 55.710 | 4 | <0.001 CS |
| Male | 96 (38.4)*,2*,3*,4* | 62 (62)* | 245 (58.3)4* | 186 (68.9)3* | 28 (71.8)2* | |||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||
| White | 242 (96.8)2* | 96 (96)* | 417 (99.3)4*,5* | 249 (92.2)3*,5* | 27 (69.2)*,2*,3*,4* | 62.919 | – | <0.001 F |
| Black | 5 (2.0)2* | 0 (0)* | 2 (0.5)4* | 7 (2.6)3* | 6 (15.4)*,2*,3*,4* | |||
| Asian | 3 (1.2)2* | 4 (4)* | 1 (0.2)*,3*,4* | 14 (5.2)4* | 6 (15.4)2*,3* | |||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.21 (±5.28) | 27.36 (±6.27) | 26.77 (±4.81) | 27.00 (±6.27) | 24.45 (±6.18) | 10.306 | 4 | <0.05 KW |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | 144 (57.6)*,3* | 40 (40)*,2* | 283 (67.4)2*,4*,5* | 93 (34.4)3*,5* | 16 (41.0)4* | 83.361 | 4 | <0.001 CS |
| Number of comorbidities, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2)* | 1 (1–2)3* | 2 (1 - 3)2*,3* | 1 (1 – 1)*,2* | 2 (1 - 2) | 44.102 | 4 | <0.001KW |
| Smoker, n (%) | 27 (10.8)*,3* | 25 (25)*,2* | 24 (5.7)2*,4*,5* | 58 (21.5)3*,5* | 8 (20.5)4* | 52.064 | 4 | <0.001 CS |
| Surgery type, n (%) | ||||||||
| Day case | NA | NA | 414 (98.6) *,2* | 242 (89.6) 2*,3* | 0*,3* | 384.858 | 2 | <0.001 CS |
| Inpatient | NA | NA | 6 (1.4) *,2* | 28 (10.4) 2*,3* | 39 (100) *,3* | |||
| Anaesthetic modality, n (%) | ||||||||
| LA | NA | NA | 392 (93.3)*,2* | 185 (68.5) 2*,3* | 0*,3* | |||
| RA | NA | NA | 12 (2.9)*,2* | 52 (19.3)* | 4 (10.3)2* | 231.727 | 2 | <0.001 CS |
| GA | NA | NA | 16 (3.8)*,3* | 33 (12.2) 2*,3* | 35 (89.7) *,2* | |||
| Length of stay, median (IQR) | NA | NA | 0 (0 – 0) *,2* | 0 (0 – 0) 2*,3* | 5 (3.75 – 13.25) *,3* | 386.335 | 2 | <0.001 KW |
| Post-operative/1st assessment hospital visits, median (IQR) | NA | 1 (0–1)*,2* | 1 (0 – 1)4*,5* | 2 (2 – 6)2*,3*,5* | 4 (0 – 4)*,3*,4* | 116.816 | 3 | <0.001 KW |
| Hospital post-operative/1st assessment appointments, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| DC | NA | 0 (0–0)*,2*,3* | 1 (0–1)3*,5* | 1 (0–2)2*,4*,5* | 4 (2–5)*,4* | 156.277 | 3 | <0.001 KW |
| OPD | NA | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0)* | 0 (0–0)* | 0 (0–0) | 23.228 | 3 | <0.001 KW |
| HT | NA | 0 (0–1)*,2* | 0 (0–0)2*,4* | 0 (0–2)3*,4* | 0 (0–1)*,3* | 170.848 | 3 | <0.001 KW |
| Remote post-operative/1st assessment appointments, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| DC | NA | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0)* | 0 (0–0)* | 0 (0–0) | 13.858 | 3 | <0.05 KW |
| OPD | NA | 0 (0–0)* | 1 (1–1)*,2*,3* | 0 (0–0)3* | 02* | 746.322 | 3 | <0.001 KW |
| HT | NA | 0 (0–0)* | 0 (0–0)*,2* | 0 (0–0)2* | 0 | 15.723 | 3 | <0.05 KW |
| Service satisfaction score (/10), median (IQR) | NA | 10 (10–10) | 10 (9–10)* | 10 (10–10)* | 10 (9–10) | 11.989 | 3 | <0.05 KW |
| Treatment outcome rating (/10), median (IQR) | NA | 10 (9–10) | 10 (9–10) | 10 (9–10) | 10 (9–10) | 2.129 | 3 | 0.546 KW |
| Pre-operative/1st assessment positive contact, n (%) | NA | 1 (1) | 7 (1.7) | 10 (3.7) | 0 | 5.000 | 3 | 0.172 CS |
| Family contact, n (%) | NA | 1 (100) | 5 (71.4) | 7 (70) | – | 0.626 | – | 0.999 F |
| How many days, median (IQR) | NA | 28⁎⁎⁎ | 60 (60 - 90) | 30 (18 – 43.75) | – | 4.975 | 2 | 0.083 KW |
| Pre-operative/1st assessment isolation, n (%) | NA | 18 (18)* | 269 (64)*,2*,3* | 61 (22.7)3* | 4 (10.3)2* | 164.197 | 3 | <0.001 CS |
| How many days, median (IQR) | NA | 60.00 (22.5–48.75) | 21 (14 – 49.50) | 35 (21 - 49) | 31.5 (28.75 – 35.75) | 5.471 | 3 | 0.140 KW |
| Pre-operative/1st assessment symptoms, n (%) | NA | 1 (1) | 9 (2.1) | 14 (5.2) | 2 (5.1) | 7.107 | 3 | 0.069 CS |
| How many days, median (IQR) | NA | 90⁎⁎⁎ | 60 (46.50 – 105) | 35 (12.25 - 60) | 18.5 (-) | 7.586 | 3 | 0.055 KW |
| Symptom duration, median (IQR) | NA | 7⁎⁎⁎ | 14 (7 – 14) | 5 (3.75 – 7.75) | 8 (-) | 6.098 | 3 | 0.107 KW |
| Temperature, n (%) | NA | 1 (100) | 7 (77.8)* | 3 (21.4)* | 1 (50) | 8.211 | – | <0.05 F |
| Chills, n (%) | NA | 0 | 1 (11.1) | 2 (14.3) | 0 | 1.372 | – | 0.999 F |
| Cough, n (%) | NA | 0 | 7 (77.8) | 9 (64.3) | 1 (50) | 2.825 | – | 0.478 F |
| Sore throat, n (%) | NA | 0 | 4 (44.4) | 2 (14.3) | 0 | 3.401 | – | 0.325 F |
| SOB, n (%) | NA | 1 (100) | 0 | 3 (21.4) | 0 | 5.766 | – | 0.139 F |
| Body aches, n (%) | NA | 0 | 7 (77.8)* | 5 (35.7)* | 0 | 8.548 | – | <0.05 F |
| Loss of taste/smell, n (%) | NA | 1 (100) | 3 (33.3) | 0 | 0 | 2.516 | – | 0.586 F |
| Lethargy, n (%) | NA | 0 | 3 (33.3) | 3 (21.4) | 0 | 1.439 | – | 0.837 F |
| Headache, n (%) | NA | 0 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (7.1) | 0 | 2.045 | – | 0.999 F |
| Runny nose, n (%) | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (50) | 7.237 | – | 0.117 F |
| Any (control) vs. Post-operative/1st assessment positive contact, n (%) | 9 (3.6) | 3 (3) | 4 (1.0) | 3 (1.1) | 0 | 7.417 | – | 0.081 F |
| Family contact, n (%) | 6 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (50) | 2 (66.7) | – | 1.511 | – | 0.911 F |
| How many days, median (IQR) | 99 (79.5 – 113.5)* | 7 (-)* | 42 (11.25 – 52.5) | 21 (-) | – | 12.886 | 3 | <0.05 KW |
| Any (control) vs. Post-operative/1st assessment isolation, n (%) | 158 (63.2)*,2*,3* | 19 (19)*,4* | 253 (60.2)4*,5*,6* | 51 (18.9)3*,6* | 3 (7.7)2*,5* | 196.592 | 4 | <0.001 CS |
| How many days, median (IQR) | 98 (91 - 105)*,2*,3*,4* | 21 (21–30)* | 28 (14 – 38.50)4* | 37 (14 - 60)3* | 14 (-)2* | 278.953 | 4 | <0.001 KW |
| Any (control) vs. Post-operative/1st assessment symptoms, n (%) | 16 (6.4)*,2* | 1 (1) | 5 (1.2)2* | 4 (1.5)* | 0 | 22.380 | 4 | <0.001 CS |
| How many days postop, median (IQR) | 95.5 (77.25 - 118)* | 14⁎⁎⁎ | 7 (2 – 24.5)* | 17.50 (14 – 36.75) | – | 15.775 | 3 | <0.05 KW |
| Symptom duration, median (IQR) | 14 (4 – 19.25) | 36⁎⁎⁎ | 21 (2 – 24.5) | 4.50 (4 – 6.50) | – | 4.259 | 3 | 0.235 KW |
| Temperature, n (%) | 8 (50) | 0 | 2 (40) | 2 (50) | – | 1.205 | – | 0.999 F |
| Chills, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 2.839 | – | 0.999 F |
| Cough, n (%) | 13 (81.3) | 1 (100) | 4 (80) | 0 | – | 1.443 | – | 0.999 F |
| Sore throat, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 0 | 0 | 1 (25) | – | 3.161 | – | 0.381 F |
| SOB, n (%) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (100) | 0 | 0 | – | 4.662 | – | 0.169 F |
| Body aches, n (%) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (100) | 1 (20) | 2 (50) | – | 5.617 | – | 0.065 F |
| Loss of taste/smell, n (%) | 5 (31.3) | 1 (100) | 0 | 1 (25) | – | 2.383 | – | 0.635 F |
| Nausea/vomiting, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 2.839 | – | 0.999 F |
| Rash, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (20) | 0 | – | 5.165 | – | 0.385 F |
| Lethargy, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.904 | – | 0.999 F | |
| Headache, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.839 | – | 0.999 F | |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (100) | 0 | 1 (25) | – | 4.323 | – | 0.173 F |
| Test performed, n (%) | 26 (10.4)2*,6* | 14 (14)*,5* | 54 (12.9)4*,7* | 99 (36.7)3*,5*,6*,7* | 34 (87.2)*,2*,3*,4* | 179.338 | 4 | <0.001 CS |
| Positive test, n (%) | 0 | 1 (7.1) | 0 | 3 (3.0) | 2 (5.9) | 4.643 | – | 0.236 F |
| Hospital admission due to COVID, n (%) | – | 0 | – | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 1.659 | – | 0.999 F |
| Duration (days), median (IQR) | – | – | – | 35⁎⁎⁎ | – | – | – | – |
| ICU admission due to COVID, n (%) | – | 0 | – | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 1.659 | – | 0.999 F |
| Duration (days), median (IQR) | – | – | – | 7⁎⁎⁎ | – | – | – | – |
| Ventilated, n (%) | – | 0 | – | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 1.659 | – | 0.999 F |
| Duration (days), median (IQR) | – | – | – | 5⁎⁎⁎ | – | – | – | – |
| Mortality during study period (control) vs. at 30 days, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – |