Figure 3.

Impact, relative to an undisturbed state, of removal of net primary production (NPP) on the functional structure—mean trophic level (dark blue), trophic range (light blue) and body-mass range (light green)—of four ecosystems: (a) high productivity, aseasonal (Uganda); (b) relatively high productivity, highly seasonal (France); (c) relatively low productivity, seasonal (Gobi Desert, China); and (d) low productivity, aseasonal (Libyan Desert). Simulations and plotting conventions are as in Fig. 1.