Table 3.
Marginal effect (ME) of probit regression for using distressed financing for hospitalization in the household incurred catastrophic hospitalization expenditure in last 365 days, India 2017-18.
| Young |
Adult |
Older adult |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCHE |
SCHE |
MCHE |
SCHE |
MCHE |
SCHE |
|
| ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | |
| Exposure | ||||||
| Female (male®/female) | −0.03 (−0.08,0.02) | −0.08 (−0.16,0.00) | −0.01 (−0.03,0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05,0.03) | <0.01 (−0.04,0.03) | −0.01 (−0.06,0.04) |
| Hospitalization & treatment characteristics | ||||||
| Number of hospitalizations in household | 0.01 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01,0.04) | 0.03* (0.02,0.04) | 0.02* (0.00,0.03) | 0.02* (0.00,0.03) | 0.02 (0.00,0.04) |
| Nature of ailment | ||||||
| Other disease® | ||||||
| Cardio-vascular disease | −0.02 (−0.12,0.07) | −0.01 (−0.14,0.13) | −0.01 (−0.04,0.03) | −0.02 (−0.08,0.04) | −0.05* (−0.10,-0.01) | −0.09* (−0.15,-0.03) |
| Cancers | −0.08 (−0.29,0.13) | −0.13 (−0.37,0.12) | 0.03 (−0.03,0.10) | 0.07 (−0.02,0.16) | −0.11* (−0.20,-0.02) | −0.10 (−0.22,0.01) |
| Musculoskeletal disease | −0.01 (−0.13,0.12) | −0.03 (−0.24,0.19) | −0.05 (−0.13,0.03) | −0.09 (−0.22,0.03) | 0.01 (−0.05,0.07) | 0.03 (−0.06,0.12) |
| Communicable disease | −0.01 (−0.06,0.03) | 0.01 (−0.08,0.09) | <0.01 (−0.04,0.03) | −0.02 (−0.08,0.04) | −0.04 (−0.08,0.01) | −0.01 (−0.08,0.06) |
| Hospitalized at private health care facility (no®/yes) | 0.06 (0.00,0.11) | 0.02 (−0.09,0.12) | −0.06* (−0.09,-0.02) | −0.05 (−0.11,0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06,0.03) | −0.01 (−0.07,0.06) |
| Duration of hospitalization (days) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) |
| Natural log of Out-of-Pocket hospitalization expenditure in last 365 days (INR₹) | 0.04* (0.00,0.08) | 0.04 (−0.02,0.11) | 0.07* (0.05,0.09) | 0.09* (0.05,0.12) | 0.02 (0.00,0.04) | 0.02 (−0.01,0.05) |
| Share of Out-of-Pocket hospitalization expenditure to total household expenditure (%) | <0.01* (0.00,0.01) | <0.01* (0.00,0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01* (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01* (0.00,<0.01) |
| Economic characteristics | ||||||
| Natural log of non-medical monthly per capita consumption expenditure (INR₹) | −0.03 (−0.09,0.02) | −0.08 (−0.18,0.01) | −0.06* (−0.09,-0.03) | −0.07* (−0.11,-0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04,0.03) | <0.01 (−0.05,0.04) |
| Health insured (no®/yes) | 0.01 (−0.06,0.07) | 0.07 (−0.05,0.19) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.04) | 0.01 (−0.04,0.06) | 0.01 (−0.03,0.06) | 0.09* (0.03,0.16) |
| Household head regular salary/wage employee (no®/yes) | 0.03 (−0.04,0.09) | 0.06 (−0.06,0.18) | −0.01 (−0.05,0.02) | <0.01 (−0.07,0.06) | NA | NA |
| Household head currently pensioner/rentier/remittances recipients (no®/yes) | −0.12* (−0.23,-0.01) | −0.15 (−0.33,0.03) | −0.05 (−0.1,0.01) | −0.05 (−0.13,0.03) | NA | NA |
| Regular salary/wage employee (no®/yes) | NA | NA | −0.03 (−0.08,0.01) | −0.07 (−0.14,0.01) | 0.01 (−0.13,0.16) | −0.05 (−0.21,0.11) |
| Currently pensioner/rentier/remittances recipients (no®/yes) | NA | NA | 0.08* (0.00,0.16) | 0.13* (0.01,0.25) | 0.03 (−0.01,0.06) | 0.07* (0.01,0.12) |
| Social Characteristics | ||||||
| Household head secondary education completed (no®/yes) | −0.07* (−0.13,-0.02) | −0.11* (−0.20,-0.01) | −0.05* (−0.09,-0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10,0.02) | NA | NA |
| Secondary education completed (no®/yes) | NA | NA | −0.03 (−0.06,0.01) | −0.04 (−0.10,0.02) | −0.11* (−0.15,-0.06) | −0.17* (−0.23,-0.10) |
| Currently married (no®/yes) | NA | NA | −0.01 (−0.04,0.02) | <0.01 (−0.04,0.05) | −0.04* (−0.08,0.00) | −0.05* (−0.10,0.00) |
| Female household head (no®/yes) | 0.06 (−0.01,0.14) | 0.08 (−0.02,0.19) | 0.07* (0.03,0.10) | 0.10* (0.04,0.15) | NA | NA |
| Scheduled Caste/Tribe (no®/yes) | 0.05* (0.00,0.10) | 0.09* (0.01,0.17) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.04) | 0.01 (−0.04,0.05) | 0.04 (−0.01,0.08) | <0.00 (−0.05,0.06) |
| Hindu (no®/yes) | −0.04 (−0.10,0.03) | −0.01 (−0.12,0.10) | <0.01 (−0.03,0.04) | 0.01 (−0.05,0.06) | <0.01 (−0.04,0.04) | −0.01 (−0.07,0.05) |
| Rural residence (no®/yes) | 0.01 (−0.04,0.06) | −0.01 (−0.09,0.08) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.04) | −0.01 (−0.06,0.04) | 0.03 (−0.01,0.07) | 0.06* (0.00,0.12) |
| Number | 3484 | 1225 | 16575 | 7254 | 7081 | 3429 |
MCHE = Share of OOPHE to THE >= 10%; SCHE = Share of OOPHE to THE >= 25%; NA = Not applicable; *Statistically significant at p<0.05; State-level fixed effects included.