Table 4.
Marginal effect (ME) of sample selection probit regression for using distressed financing for hospitalization in the household incurred catastrophic hospitalization expenditure in last 365 days, India 2017-18.
| Young |
Adult |
Older adult |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCHE |
SCHE |
MCHE |
SCHE |
MCHE |
SCHE |
|
| ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | ME 95%CI | |
| Exposure | ||||||
| Female (male®/female) | −0.03 (−0.08,0.02) | −0.10* (−0.19,-0.02) | <0.01 (−0.03,0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05,0.03) | −0.04 (−0.09,0.01) | −0.10* (−0.17,-0.03) |
| Hospitalization & treatment characteristics | ||||||
| Number of hospitalizations in household | 0.01 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01,0.04) | 0.03* (0.02,0.04) | 0.02* (0.00,0.03) | 0.02* (0.00,0.03) | 0.02* (0.00,0.04) |
| Nature of ailment | ||||||
| Other disease® | ||||||
| Cardio-vascular disease | −0.02 (−0.12,0.07) | 0.01 (−0.13,0.14) | <0.01 (−0.03,0.04) | −0.01 (−0.07,0.05) | −0.06* (−0.10,-0.01) | −0.10* (−0.15,-0.04) |
| Cancers | −0.08 (−0.28,0.13) | −0.14 (−0.38,0.11) | 0.05 (−0.02,0.11) | 0.09 (0.00,0.18) | −0.11* (−0.20,-0.02) | −0.1 (−0.22,0.01) |
| Musculoskeletal disease | −0.01 (−0.13,0.12) | −0.03 (−0.25,0.18) | −0.05 (−0.12,0.03) | −0.09 (−0.21,0.04) | 0.01 (−0.05,0.07) | 0.03 (−0.06,0.12) |
| Communicable disease | −0.01 (−0.06,0.03) | 0.01 (−0.07,0.09) | −0.01 (−0.04,0.03) | −0.02 (−0.08,0.04) | −0.04 (−0.08,0.01) | −0.01 (−0.08,0.06) |
| Hospitalized at private health care facility (no®/yes) | 0.06 (0.00,0.11) | 0.02 (−0.08,0.12) | −0.06* (−0.09,-0.02) | −0.05 (−0.11,0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06,0.03) | −0.01 (−0.08,0.06) |
| Duration of hospitalization (days) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) |
| Natural log of Out-of-Pocket hospitalization expenditure in last 365 days (INR₹) | 0.04* (0.00,0.08) | 0.04 (−0.02,0.11) | 0.07* (0.05,0.09) | 0.08* (0.05,0.11) | 0.02 (0.00,0.04) | 0.02 (0.00,0.05) |
| Share of Out-of-Pocket hospitalization expenditure to total household expenditure (%) | <0.01* (0.00,0.01) | <0.01* (0.00,0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01 (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01* (0.00,<0.01) | <0.01* (0.00,<0.01) |
| Economic characteristics | ||||||
| Natural log of non-medical monthly per capita consumption expenditure (INR₹) | −0.03 (−0.09,0.02) | −0.06 (−0.16,0.04) | −0.03 (−0.07,0.0) | −0.03 (−0.09,0.02) | 0.03 (−0.02,0.07) | 0.08* (0.02,0.14) |
| Health insured (no®/yes) | ||||||
| Household head regular salary/wage employee (no®/yes) | 0.03 (−0.04,0.09) | 0.06 (−0.06,0.18) | −0.01 (−0.05,0.03) | 0.01 (−0.06,0.07) | NA | NA |
| Household head currently pensioner/rentier/remittances recipients (no®/yes) | −0.12* (−0.23,-0.01) | −0.15 (−0.33,0.03) | −0.06* (−0.11,0.00) | −0.06 (−0.14,0.02) | NA | NA |
| Regular salary/wage employee (no®/yes) | NA | NA | −0.04 (−0.09,0.00) | −0.08* (−0.16,-0.01) | −0.03 (−0.18,0.12) | −0.15 (−0.32,0.01) |
| Currently pensioner/rentier/remittances recipients (no®/yes) | NA | NA | 0.11* (0.03,0.19) | 0.17* (0.04,0.29) | 0.02 (−0.01,0.06) | 0.06* (0.01,0.11) |
| Social Characteristics | ||||||
| Household head secondary education completed (no®/yes) | −0.07* (−0.13,-0.02) | −0.10* (−0.20,-0.01) | −0.04* (−0.08,-0.01) | −0.03 (−0.09,0.03) | NA | NA |
| Secondary education completed (no®/yes) | NA | NA | −0.06* (−0.10,-0.02) | −0.09* (−0.16,-0.01) | −0.13* (−0.19,-0.08) | −0.22* (−0.29,-0.15) |
| Currently married (no®/yes) | NA | NA | <0.01 (−0.03,0.02) | 0.01 (−0.04,0.05) | −0.07* (−0.12,-0.03) | −0.13* (−0.19,-0.06) |
| Female household head (no®/yes) | 0.06 (−0.01,0.14) | 0.08 (−0.02,0.18) | 0.08* (0.04,0.11) | 0.11* (0.05,0.17) | NA | NA |
| Scheduled Caste/Tribe (no®/yes) | 0.05* (0.00,0.10) | 0.08* (0.00,0.17) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.04) | <0.01 (−0.04,0.05) | 0.04 (−0.01,0.08) | <0.01 (−0.06,0.05) |
| Hindu (no®/yes) | −0.04 (−0.10,0.03) | <0.01 (−0.11,0.11) | <0.01 (−0.03,0.03) | <0.01 (−0.06,0.06) | −0.01 (−0.05,0.03) | −0.03 (−0.09,0.03) |
| Rural residence (no®/yes) | 0.01 (−0.04,0.06) | −0.01 (−0.09,0.08) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.04) | −0.01 (−0.06,0.04) | 0.02 (−0.01,0.06) | 0.05 (−0.01,0.10) |
| Inverse Mill's Ratio | −0.02 (−0.49,0.46) | 0.37 (−0.36,1.09) | 0.56* (0.18,0.94) | 0.65* (0.09,1.21) | 0.67 (−0.03,1.36) | 1.45* (0.67,2.24) |
| Selected | 3484 | 1225 | 16575 | 7254 | 7081 | 3429 |
| Non-selected | 153239 | 155498 | 316094 | 325415 | 38828 | 42478 |
MCHE = Share of OOPHE to THE >= 10%; SCHE = Share of OOPHE to THE >= 25%; NA = Not applicable; *Statistically significant at p<0.05; State-level fixed effects included.