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. 2020 Aug 20;11:4171. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17780-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a–i Capitella teleta: lophotrochin and trochin show a similar expression pattern throughout development and expression of both genes is restricted to a subset of ciliated structures. a In early stage 4 larvae, lophotrochin (black) is expressed in the prototroch and the ciliated area around the mouth. Ventral view, brightfield. b Labeling of cilia in the same larva with acetylated α-tubulin antibody (red) merged with (a). c In late stage 4, trochin (purple) is expressed in the prototroch, the area around the mouth, and in the telotroch, ventral view. d Lophotrochin (purple) expression is seen in prototroch, telotroch and neurotroch, in stage 6, ventral view. e In stage 8, lophotrochin is expressed in the anterior esophagus and pharynx. Expression in the prototroch and telotroch is reduced compared with that in stage 6. Lateral view. f Lophotrochin expression is undetectable after metamorphosis, juvenile, lateral view. g Diagram of a mid-stage larva, showing the prototroch (left, vertical), neurotroch (center, horizontal), and the telotroch (right vertical band). Cilia in green. h Trochin expression in stage 6 larva, ventral view. i Trochin expression of stage 8, lateral view. j–o Platynereis dumerilii: expression of lophotrochin and trochin is very similar, and is restricted to ciliary bands. j Diagram of the ciliary bands of the larva of the annelid Platynereis, cilia in green and chaetae in black. k At 24 h post fertilization (hpf), lophotrochin (purple) is expressed in the prototroch cells, ventral view. l Trochin’s expression pattern (purple), 24 hpf, ventral view. m In 48-hpf larva, expression of a conserved ciliary marker Tektin-3/5A (purple) is shown in the prototroch (now a thinner ring of cells), the ciliated apical organ (out of plane in this image), a larger telotroch, and in two pairs of rows (paratroch 1, weakly, and paratroch 2) between the first three pairs of trunk segments/parapodia, ventral view. Expression of (n) Lophotrochin and (o) trochin in the same stage (48 hpf) larva show almost identical pattern to the Tektin-3/5A (m). Scale bars: 100 μm. For each in situ hybridization, at least 20 animals were stained and all had the pattern shown.