Table 4.
Pairwise Comparisons for Formant Spacing (ΔF) Among Occupation Types (Stereotypically Male, Stereotypically Female, and Gender Neutral) Across Age Groups (Bonferroni Corrected)
| Sex | Occupation type (I) | Occupation type (J) | Mean difference (I – J) |
SE | df | p | 95% CI | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls (n = 42) | ||||||||
| Female | Male | 40.76 | 5.51 | 289.84 | < .001 | [27.48, 54.03] | 0.613 | |
| Neutral | Female | −18.03 | 4.43 | 288.73 | < .001 | [−28.70, −7.35] | 0.273 | |
| Neutral | Male | 22.73 | 4.47 | 288.79 | < .001 | [11.95, 33.51] | 0.345 | |
| Boys (n = 40) | ||||||||
| Female | Male | 31.33 | 5.68 | 303.81 | < .001 | [17.66, 45.00] | 0.447 | |
| Neutral | Female | −13.46 | 4.54 | 303.27 | .01 | [−24.41, −2.51] | 0.193 | |
| Neutral | Male | 17.86 | 4.43 | 303.37 | < .001 | [7.19, 28.53] | 0.258 |
Note: CI = confidence interval.