Table 5.
Results of Pairwise Comparisons for Formant Spacing (ΔF) Among the Three Age Groups (Bonferroni Corrected)
| Sex | Age group (I) | Age group (J) | Mean difference (I – J) |
SE | df | p | 95% CI | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | ||||||||
| 5- to 6-year-olds | 7- to 8-year-olds | 136.11 | 24.53 | 36.96 | < .001 | [74.61, 197.62] | 2.13 | |
| 5- to 6-year-olds | 9- to 10-year-olds | 110.64 | 22.24 | 36.78 | < .001 | [54.85, 166.42] | 1.82 | |
| 7- to 8-year-olds | 9- to 10-year-olds | −25.48 | 25.18 | 36.90 | .96 | [−88.63, 37.68] | 0.40 | |
| Boys | ||||||||
| 5- to 6-year-olds | 7- to 8-year-olds | 90.60 | 25.57 | 39.84 | .003 | [26.68, 154.52] | 1.38 | |
| 5- to 6-year-olds | 9- to 10-year-olds | 110.15 | 27.45 | 39.72 | .001 | [41.54, 178.76] | 1.61 | |
| 7- to 8-year-olds | 9- to 10-year-olds | 19.55 | 24.95 | 39.67 | .001 | [−42.81, 81.92] | 0.30 |
Note: CI = confidence interval.