Table 1.
Pathological features of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the body systems of COVID-19 cases.
| Body system | Pathological features | References |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory | A damage of pneumocytes with hyaline membrane formation, interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs. | 18–20 |
| Cardiovascular | Myocardial and blood vessels injury. | 11,21–25 |
| Immune | Lymphopenia and exacerbated inflammation. | 12,24,26 |
| Digestive | Fecal sample positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | 27–29 |
| Urinary | Proteinuria, elevated levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, tubular necrosis, luminal brush border sloughing, and vacuole degeneration. | 30–33 |
| Reproductive | Decreased serum testosterone to luteinizing hormone ratio in male patients. | 34 |
| Skeletal | Joint problems such as arthritis. | 35 |
| Integumentary | Ischemic changes in the fingers and toes. | 36 |
| Nervous | Viral encephalitis, acute toxic encephalitis, and acute cerebrovascular disease. | 20,37–41 |
| Other | Abnormal levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum bilirubin. | 12,25,42,43 |