Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants
| Variables | Non-STDR | STDR | PDR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 2,042 | 1,051 | 409 |
| Age (years) | 62.9 ± 13.0 | 63.9 ± 12.6 | 60.3 ± 10.9* |
| Sex (male %) | 57.9 | 57.0 | 58.6 |
| Diabetes duration (years)† | 7 (3–12) | 14 (6–22)* | 13 (5–22)* |
| HTN (%) | 84.6 | 93.1* | 94.7* |
| SBP (mm Hg)‡ | 143.61 ± 21.14 | 151.08 ± 21.60* | 151.68 ± 21.06* |
| DBP (mm Hg)‡ | 79.13 ± 10.08 | 78.59 ± 11.19 | 80.10 ± 11.40 |
| HbA1c (%)† | 7.0 (6.5–7.7) | 7.5 (6.7–8.5)* | 7.5 (6.8–8.6)* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.17 ± 4.26 | 25.66 ± 4.07* | 25.99 ± 4.15 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 70.2 | 68.3 | 70.1 |
| Ever smoke (%) | 33.3 | 31.3 | 31.3 |
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
HTN was defined as a BP of ≥140/90 mm Hg or taking any antihypertensive drugs. Dyslipidemia was indicated by a documented history of dyslipidemia in patient's record or taking lipid-lowering drugs.
*
P < 0.01 when compared with non-STDR controls.
†
Natural log-transformed before analysis.
‡
SBP + 10 mm Hg and DBP + 5 mm Hg if on antihypertensive drugs.