Table 1.
Urinary exosomal biomarkers potentially useful in the recognition of early damage patients (pts)/control (ctr).
| Condition | Potential exosomal biomarker | Study subjects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| CKD | Ceruloplasmin ↑ | 51 pts-15 ctrs; rats | [38] |
| miR-181a-5p ↑, among 30 differentially expressed ncRNAs | 15 pts-10 ctrs | [39] | |
| Exosomal miR-451 ↑ | 38 pts-23 ctrs | [40] | |
|
| |||
| Lupus nephritis | miR-150 and miR-21 ↑; miR-29c ↓ | 45 pts-20 ctrs | [77] |
| miR-146a ↑ | 38 pts-12 ctrs | [78] | |
|
| |||
| Diabetic kidney disease | Among 22 proteins: MASP2 and CALB1 ↑; S100A8 and S100A9 ↓ | 60 pts-15 ctrs | [53] |
| miR-21-5p ↑; miR-30b-5p ↓ | 66 pts | [51] | |
| miR-15b, miR-34a, and miR-636 | 54 pts-12 ctrs | [52] | |
| Myeloblastin, elafin, cystatin B and neutrophil gelatinase-associated Lipocalin ↑ | 37 pts-12 ctrs | [54] | |
| Regucalcin ↓ | 4 pts-3 ctrs; rats | [55] | |
|
| |||
| Nephronophthisis | 156 differentially expressed proteins | 12 pts-12 ctrs | [89] |
|
| |||
| Acute kidney injury in critical disease | Activating transcriptional factor 3 ↑ | 8 pts-8 ctrs; mice | [61] |
| Fetuin-A ↑ | 6 pts; rats | [62] | |