Table 3.

Exosomal biomarkers associated with specific etiological factors of renal disease patients (pts)/control (ctr).

Condition		Potential exosomal biomarker	Study subjects	Reference
Medullary sponge kidney	vs. idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis	Blood FCN1 and C4BPB proteins ↑; blood MASP2 protein ↓	15 pts-15 ctrs	[87]
	vs. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease	Mainly urinary CD133 ↓, among 34 discriminative urinary EV proteins	15 pts-15 ctrs	[88]
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease		Urinary periplakin, envoplakin, villin-1, and complement C3 and C9 ↑, among 30 proteins	34 pts-32 ctrs	[84]
		Urinary PC1/TMEM2 or PC2/TMEM2 ↓	13 pts-18 ctrs	[83]
Diabetic nephropathy	vs. minimal change nephrotic syndrome	Urinary WT1 mRNA ↑	20 pts-5 ctrs	[49]
Cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity		Blood MT1DP lncRNA ↑	100 persons	[107]
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy		Blood and urinary MUC3A circRNA and various snoRNAs ↑	10 pts-10 ctrs	[70]
Pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome		Urinary miR-194-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-378a-3p, miR-23b-3p, and miR-30a-5p ↑	129 pts-126 ctrs	[66]
Pediatric primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	vs. minimal change disease	Urinary miR-193a	13 pts	[67]
IgA nephropathy	vs. thin basement membrane nephropathy	Urinary miR-215-5p and miR-378i ↑; urinary miR-29c and miR-205-5p ↓	18 pts-18 ctrs	[73]
		Urinary aminopeptidase N, vasorin precursor, α-1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin ↑	12 pts-7 ctrs	[74]
Acute rejection	vs. BK nephropathy or chronic allograft injury	Urinary CLCA1, PROS1, KIAA0753, and ApoM ↑	30 pts-20 ctrs	[64]
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	vs. steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome	Urinary WT-1 ↑	25 pts-5 ctrs	[68]
Bartter syndrome type 1		Urinary NKCC2 protein ↓	2 pts	[91]