Table 4.

Urinary exosomal biomarkers associated with injury localized to a specific cellular or subcellular component of the nephron patients (pts)/control (ctr).

Condition		Potential exosomal biomarker	Study subjects	Reference
Podocyte injury	In diabetic nephropathy	Elf3 protein ↑	50 pts-5 ctrs	[48]
		WT1, podocin, Actn4, CD2AP, and nephrin mRNA ↑	20 pts-5 ctrs	[49]
	In minimal change nephrotic syndrome	Podocin, Actn4, CD2AP, and nephrin mRNA ↑
	In metabolic syndrome-related kidney disease	Podocyte-derived exosomes (nephrin+/podocalyxin+) ↑	16 pts-15 ctrs	[43]
	In CKD	miR-21 ↑	41 pts-5 ctrs	[44]
	In cellular crescent formation	SFP1 ↑	37 pts	[69]
	In renovascular hypertension	Podocyte-derived exosomes (nephrin+/podocalyxin+) ↑	31 pts-45 ctrs	[60]
	In lupus nephritis	miR-29c ↓	24 pts-8 ctrs; mice	[75]
	In IgA nephropathy
	In focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	WT-1 ↑	25 pts-5 ctrs	[68]
Proximal tubular injury	In decompensated cirrhosis	Maltase glucoamylase ↑	24 pts	[63]
Renal fibrosis	In CKD	Nonproximal tubule-derived miR-200b ↑	38 pts	[45]
		miR-29c ↓	32 pts-7 and ctrs	[46]
		CD2AP mRNA ↓	32 pts-7 ctrs	[47]
	In lupus nephritis	miR-29c ↓	47pts-20 ctrs	[82]
Peritubular capillary loss	In hypertension	Endothelial-derived EVs (PL-VAP+/CD31+/CD144+) ↑	38 pts-14 ctrs	[59]
Mitochondrial dysfunction	In diabetic nephropathy	12 mitochondria-specific metabolites ↓	149 pts-23 ctrs	[50]