Table 2.
Factors associated with the belief that each of the eight non-cigarette tobacco products is less harmful than cigarettes. ± SOURCE: PATH Study Wave 1.
| Covariate | E-cigarettes (n = 25,832) OR (95% CI) |
Smokeless Tobacco (n = 24,082) OR (95% CI) |
Traditional Cigars (n = 16,451) OR (95% CI) |
Filtered Cigars (n = 22,784) OR (95% CI) |
Cigarillos (n = 22,780) OR (95% CI) |
Pipe (n = 25,575) OR (95% CI) |
Hookah (n = 22,695) OR (95% CI) |
Dissolvables (n = 3,944) OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (vs. Female) | ||||||||
| Male | 1.32 (1.23–1.42) | 2.05 (1.77–2.37) | 2.17 (1.88–2.51) | 1.45 (1.26–1.67) | 1.80 (1.54–2.11) | 1.54 (1.36–1.74) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 1.58 (1.17–2.15) |
| Age (vs. 65+) | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 2.29 (1.94–2.69) | 1.08 (0.88–1.34) | 1.14 (0.90–1.43) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | 6.69 (5.24–8.55) | * |
| 25–34 | 1.96 (1.68–2.29) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) | 0.49 (0.37–0.64) | 0.66 (0.49–0.90) | 0.55 (0.44–0.69) | 3.51 (2.77–4.45) | * |
| 34–44 | 1.73 (1.46–2.05) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 0.52 (0.37–0.72) | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 0.53 (0.42–0.68) | 1.96 (1.50–2.56) | * |
| 45–54 | 1.82 (1.55–2.13) | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 0.76 (0.58–1.00) | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 0.64 (0.51–0.81) | 1.49 (1.16–1.91) | * |
| 55–64 | 1.51 (1.24–1.84) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.86 (0.68–1.10) | 0.78 (0.61–0.99) | 0.94 (0.70–1.25) | 0.75 (0.60–0.93) | 1.16 (0.87–1.55) | * |
| Sexual orientation (vs. Straight) | ||||||||
| Bisexual | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | 0.62 (0.40–0.95) | 1.18 (0.78–1.79) | 1.42 (0.97–2.09) | 1.58 (1.07–2.34) | 1.52 (1.11–2.08) | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) | * |
| Gay or lesbian | 1.20 (0.91–1.56) | 1.05 (0.64–1.72) | 0.93 (0.55–1.55) | 0.99 (0.62–1.57) | 1.13 (0.71–1.79) | 1.15 (0.79–1.68) | 1.25 (0.93–1.68) | * |
| Something else | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) | 1.19 (0.67–2.10) | 1.55 (0.89–2.69) | 0.98 (0.61–1.59) | 1.14 (0.65–1.99) | 1.74 (1.17–2.59) | 1.23 (0.84–1.79) | * |
| Race (vs. Non-Hispanic White) | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 0.72 (0.67–0.79) | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | 1.47 (1.19–1.81) | 0.77 (0.64–0.93) | 1.07 (0.93–1.24) | 0.46 (0.33–0.64) |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native | 0.54 (0.36–0.82) | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander | 0.64 (0.53–0.78) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) | 0.87 (0.51–1.47) | 1.48 (0.95–2.32) | 1.15 (0.65–2.04) | 0.62 (0.40–0.95) | 1.17 (0.91–1.51) | * |
| Non-Hispanic of two or more races | 1.10 (0.90–1.34) | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | 1.32 (0.91–1.93) | 1.32 (0.95–1.83) | 1.26 (0.94–1.68) | 1.13 (0.94–1.34) | 0.71 (0.43–1.16) |
| Hispanic | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 0.69 (0.55–0.86) | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) | 0.63 (0.42–0.95) |
| Education (vs. < high school) | ||||||||
| Some high school, no diploma | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | 0.64 (0.42–0.97) | 0.80 (0.49–1.31) | 0.85 (0.49–1.48) | 1.26 (0.81–1.97) | 0.83 (0.49–1.40) | 0.80 (0.55–1.15) | * |
| GED | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | 0.58 (0.39–0.87) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.66 (0.39–1.14) | 0.94 (0.59–1.50) | 0.63 (0.41–0.96) | 1.00 (0.69–1.46) | * |
| High school graduate - diploma | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 0.64 (0.44–0.92) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) | 1.28 (0.90–1.82) | 1.06 (0.69–1.62) | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) | * |
| Some college but no degree | 1.24 (1.00–1.55) | 0.68 (0.48–0.97) | 1.30 (0.89–1.91) | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) | 1.63 (1.11–2.39) | 1.29 (0.86–1.92) | 1.68 (1.17–2.40) | * |
| Associate degree - occupational/ vocational | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 0.55 (0.35–0.86) | 1.56 (1.00–2.43) | 1.09 (0.64–1.86) | 1.47 (0.93–2.34) | 1.38 (0.89–2.15) | 1.57 (1.08–2.28) | * |
| Associate degree - academic program | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 0.81 (0.54–1.22) | 1.60 (1.05–2.44) | 1.64 (0.97–2.76) | 1.78 (1.14–2.78) | 1.36 (0.84–2.20) | 1.79 (1.23–2.61) | * |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.49 (1.18–1.89) | 0.73 (0.49–1.09) | 1.95 (1.37–2.78) | 1.93 (1.21–3.07) | 2.34 (1.65–3.31) | 1.89 (1.25–2.85) | 2.42 (1.69–3.48) | * |
| Master’s degree+ | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) | 0.90 (0.58–1.39) | 1.66 (1.12–2.47) | 1.61 (0.98–2.65) | 1.91 (1.29–2.82) | 1.82 (1.23–2.69) | 2.63 (1.79–3.86) | * |
| Household income (vs. < $10,000) | ||||||||
| $10,000–$14,999 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | 1.16 (0.86–1.58) | 1.14 (0.88–1.46) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 0.91 (0.60–1.38) |
| $15,000–$24,999 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) | 1.21 0.93–1.57) | 1.13 (0.85–1.48) | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) |
| $25,000–$34,999 | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) | 0.85 (0.64–1.15) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 0.79 (0.48–1.29) |
| $35,000–$49,999 | 0.96 (0.83–1.13) | 1.11 (0.86–1.42) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 0.74 (0.47–1.17) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 1.13 (0.97–1.30) | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) | 1.31 (1.00–1.72) | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 1.25 (0.93–1.67) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 1.14 (0.72–1.82) |
| $75,000–$99,000 | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 1.48 (1.13–1.95) | 1.39 (1.03–1.87) | 1.36 (1.05–1.76) | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | * |
| $100,000+ | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) | 1.30 (1.04–1.64) | 1.66 (1.28–2.16) | 1.45 (1.12–1.88) | 1.47 (1.13–1.91) | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 1.27 (1.04–1.55) | 1.39 (0.87–2.23) |
| Current tobacco use (vs. Non-user) | ||||||||
| Former user | 1.39 (1.24–1.56) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 1.88 (1.47–2.42) | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 1.87 (1.43–2.45) | 1.69 (1.36–2.09) | 1.67 (1.45–1.91) | 1.09 (0.66–1.78) |
| Current user | 2.43 (2.19–2.71) | 1.42 (1.19–1.68) | 2.36 (1.87–2.99) | 1.24 (1.01–1.53) | 2.64 (2.06–3.37) | 1.98 (1.63–2.40) | 2.25 (1.95–2.59) | 1.87 (1.22–2.88) |
| Knowledge of health harms (composite index) 1 point decrease | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | 1.12 (1.09–1.16) | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) |
*
Estimates are statistically unreliable and have been suppressed. The relative standard error was used to determine whether an estimate was statistically unreliable. The relative standard error is computed as RSE = 100x (SE of estimate/estimate) and is analogous to the coefficient of variation. Odds ratios having an RSE > 0.3 were flagged as statistically unreliable and were therefore suppressed.
***
Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis
±
Among those who were aware of the product