Table 1.
Participant characteristics according to frailty (N = 109)
| Overall | Robust + pre-frail (non-frail) (n = 78) | Frail (n = 31) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male), n (%) (a) | 72 (66.1) | 54 (69.2) | 18 (58.1) | 0.267 | |
| Age, median (IQR) (b) | 71 (66–79) | 71 (66–78) | 78 (69–85) | 0.004 | |
| BMI, mean ± SD (c) | 23.8 ± 3.9 | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 22.7 ± 4.0 | 0.039 | |
| CKD stage, n (%) (a) | 3a | 17 (15.6) | 15 (19.2) | 2 (11.8) | 0.167 |
| 3b | 35 (32.1) | 27 (34.6) | 8 (22.9) | ||
| 4 | 40 (36.7) | 26 (33.3) | 14 (35.0) | ||
| 5 | 17 (15.6) | 10 (12.8) | 7 (41.2) | ||
| Blood chemistry, mean ± SD, median (IQR) | eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) (c) | 29.8 ± 13.1 | 31.6 ± 13.1 | 25.2 ± 12.2 | 0.02 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) (c) | 12.4 ± 1.7 | 12.6 ± 1.6 | 11.9 ± 1.8 | 0.036 | |
| Albumin (g/dL) (b) | 3.9 (3.6–4.1) | 3.9 (3.6–4.1) | 3.9 (3.6–4.1) | 0.788 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) (b) | 121.0 (98.0–176.0) | 119.0 (104.5–176.8) | 126.0 (104.5–176.8) | 0.644 | |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) (b) | 106.0 (92.0–128.0) | 106.0 (91.8–128.8) | 110.0 (93.3–128.3) | 0.724 | |
| Primary kidney disease, n (%) (a) | Glomerulonephritis | 24 (22.0) | 19 (24.4) | 5 (16.1) | 0.582 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 19 (17.4) | 13 (16.7) | 6 (19.4) | ||
| Polycystic kidney disease | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.3) | 0 | ||
| Nephrosclerosis | 35 (32.1) | 22 (28.2) | 13 (41.9) | ||
| Others | 30 (27.5) | 23 (29.5) | 7 (22.6) | ||
| Comorbidity, n (%) (a) | Diabetes Mellitus | 38 (34.5) | 24 (30.8) | 14 (45.2) | 0.155 |
| Hypertension | 75 (68.2) | 55 (70.5) | 20 (64.5) | 0.542 | |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 38 (34.5) | 29 (37.2) | 9 (29.0) | 0.421 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 24 (22.0) | 14 (17.9) | 10 (32.3) | 0.104 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8 (7.3) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (9.7) | 0.555 | |
| Hyperuricemia | 25 (22.7) | 18 (23.1) | 7 (22.6) | 0.956 | |
| Osteoporosis | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (3.2) | 0.495 | |
| Oral function, mean ± SD or median (IQR) | ODK (pa)/sec (b) | 6.0 (4.8–6.7) | 6.2 (5.6–6.8) | 5.3 (4.4–6.5) | 0.004 |
| ODK (ta)/sec (b) | 5.8 (4.9–6.4) | 6.0 (5.2–6.7) | 4.9 (4.0–6.1) | 0.001 | |
| ODK (ka)/sec (b) | 5.2 (4.0–6.0) | 5.6 (4.2–6.2) | 4.3 (3.6–5.9) | 0.027 | |
| Mastication ability (c) | 150.0 ± 61.5 | 156.9 ± 58.4 | 132.2 ± 66.6 | 0.062 | |
| RSST number of times (b) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 2.5 (1.0–4.3) | 1.5 (0–3.0) | 0.029 | |
| Tooth condition, median (IQR) (b) | Number of teeth | 22.0 (9.0–26.0) | 23.0 (13.5–27.0) | 15.5 (7.8–25.3) | 0.11 |
| Functional teeth | 28.0 (25.0–28.0) | 28.0 (25.0–28.0) | 25.5 (21.0–28.0) | 0.015 | |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (inter-quartile range), and compared by χ square testa, Mann-Whitney U testb, and unpaired t-testc. ODK Oral diadochokinesis, RSST Repetitive saliva swallowing test