Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| First author, year | Study design | Study period, area | Study population, age | Sample size | Exposure measures | Health outcome | Outcome measures | Comparison | Effect size (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rico-Campà, 2019 [24] | Prospective cohort study | 1999–2014, Spain |
University graduates, 20-91y |
19,899 | FFQ | All-cause mortality | Medical records, database | Q4 vs. Q1 | HR: 1.62 (1.13, 2.33) |
| Schnabel, 2019 [25] | Prospective cohort study | 2009–2017, France |
Adults participants, ≥45y |
44,551 | Dietary records, interview, biomarkers | All-cause mortality | Clinical data | Q4 vs. Q1 | HR: 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) |
| Blanco-Rojo, 2019 [26] | Prospective cohort study | 2008–2016, Spain | Adult participants, ≥18y | 11,898 | Questionnaire | All-cause mortality | Computerized search | Q4 vs. Q1 | HR: 1.44 (1.01, 2.07) |
| Kim, 2019 [27] | Prospective cohort study | 1988–2011, USA | Adult participants, ≥20y | 11,898 |
Dietary records, questionnaire |
All-cause mortality Cardiovascular disease mortality |
Database | Q4 vs. Q1 |
HR: 1.30 (1.08, 1.57) HR: 1.13 (0.74, 1.71) |
| Srour, 2019 [28] | Prospective cohort study | 2009–2018, France | Adult participants, ≥18y | 105,159 | Dietary records, interview, biomarkers |
All cardiovascular diseases Coronary heart diseases Cerebrovascular diseases |
Questionnaire, medical records, database | Q4 vs. Q1 |
HR: 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) HR: 1.18 (0.93, 1.52) HR: 1.23 (1.00, 1.53) |
| Mendonça, 2017 [29] | Prospective cohort study | 1999–2015, Spain | University graduates, 20-91y | 14,790 | FFQ | Hypertension |
Self-reported, clinical data |
T3 vs. T1 | HR: 1.21 (1.06, 1.37) |
| Melo, 2018 [41] | Cross-sectional study | 2012, Brazil | 9th graders, NC | 109,104 | Questionnaire |
Asthma Wheezing |
Questionnaire | Q5 vs. Q1 |
OR: 1.27 (1.15, 1.41) OR: 1.42 (1.35, 1.50) |
| Schnabel, 2018 [38] | Prospective cohort study | 2008–2018, France | Adult participants, ≥18y | 33,343 |
Dietary records, questionnaire |
Functional gastrointestinal disorders | Questionnaire, medical history, symptoms | Q4 vs. Q1 | OR: 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) |
| Adjibade, 2019 [36] | Prospective cohort study | 2009–2018, France | Adult volunteers, ≥18y | 26,730 | Dietary records | Depression | Clinical data | Q4 vs. Q1 | HR: 1.30 (1.15, 1.47) |
| Gómez-Donoso, 2018 [37] | Prospective cohort study | 1999–2016, Spain | University graduates, NC | 14,907 | FFQ | Depression |
Questionnaire, clinical interview |
Q4 vs. Q1 | HR: 1.33 (1.07, 1.64) |
| Steele, 2019 [30] | Cross-sectional study | 2009–2014, USA | Adult participants, ≥20y | 6385 | Interview | Metabolic syndrome | Interviews, health examination | Q5 vs. Q1 | OR: 1.28 (1.09, 1.50) |
|
Lavigne-Robichaud, 2018 [31] |
Cross-sectional study | 2005–2009, Canada | Adult participants, ≥18y | 811 | Dietary records | Metabolic syndrome | Clinical data | Q5 vs. Q1 | OR: 1.90 (1.14, 3.17) |
| Juul, 2018 [32] | Cross-sectional study | 2005–2014, USA | Adults participants, 20–64y | 15,977 | Interview |
Overweight Obesity Abdominal obesity |
Clinical data | Q5 vs. Q1 |
OR: 1.48 (1.25, 1.76) OR: 1.53 (1.29, 1.81) OR: 1.62 (1.39, 1.89) |
| Louzada, 2015 [33] | Cross-sectional study | 2008–2009, Brazil | Individuals, ≥10y | 30,243 | Dietary records |
Overweight Obesity |
Clinical data | Q5 vs. Q1 |
OR: 1.26 (0.95, 1.69) OR: 1.98 (1.23, 3.12) |
| Mendonca, 2016 [35] | Prospective cohort study | 1999–2012, Spain |
University graduates, middle-aged |
8451 | FFQ | Overweight | Self-reported | Q4 vs. Q1 | HR: 1.26 (1.10, 1.45) |
| Nardocci, 2019 [16] | Cross-sectional study | 2004–2005, Canada | Adult participants, ≥18y | 19,363 | Dietary records | Obesity | Clinical data (32% self-reported) | Q5 vs. Q1 | OR: 1.32 (1.05, 1.57) |
| Silva, 2018 [34] | Cross-sectional study | 2008–2010, Brazil | Civil servants from universities and research organizations, 35–64y | 8977 | FFQ |
Overweight Obesity |
Clinical data | Q4 vs. Q1 | OR: 1.31 (1.13, 1.51) OR: 1.41 (1.18, 1.69) |
| Fiolet, 2018 [39] | Prospective cohort study | 2009–2017, France | Adult volunteers, ≥18y | 104,980 | Dietary records |
Overall cancer Prostate cancer Colorectal cancer Breast cancer |
Questionnaire, medical records, database | Q4 vs. Q1 |
HR: 1.23 (1.08, 1.40) HR: 0.93 (0.61, 1.40) HR: 1.23 (1.08, 1.40) HR: 1.13 (0.89, 1.42) |
| Sartorelli, 2019 [40] | Cross-sectional study | 2011–2012, Brazil. | Adult women, ≥20y | 785 | Dietary records |
Obesity Overweight Gestational diabetes mellitus |
Clinical data | T3 vs. T1 |
OR: 3.06 (1.27, 3.37) OR: 1.17 (0.75, 1.82) OR: 0.82 (0.49, 1.36) |
| Sandoval-Insausti, 2019 [42] | Prospective cohort study | 2008–2012, Spain | Individuals, ≥60y | 1822 | Interview | Frailty | Clinical data | Q4 vs. Q1 | OR: 3.67 (2.00, 6.73) |
Abbreviation: FFQ food frequency questionnaire, HR hazard ratio, OR odds ratio, Q quartile or quintile, T tertile, NC not clear