Table 4.

Absolute changes in body composition parameters, β-hydroxybutyrate, and metabolic hormones

Fractionation	Hypofractionation			Normofractionation
Group	KD (N = 6)	SD (N = 6)	p value	KD (N = 23)	SD (N = 24*)	p value
Δ Body weight [kg]	− 2.7 ± 1.2	0.7 ± 1.2	0.0043	− 2.9 ± 2.2	0.4 ± 1.3	7.9 × 10−7
Δ Fat mass [kg]	− 1.2 ± 0.5	0.1 ± 0.6	0.0087	− 2.3 ± 1.7	0.1 ± 1.3	9.1 × 10−6
Δ Fat free mass [kg]	− 1.5 ± 2.4	0.6 ± 1.1	0.065	− 0.6 ± 1.3	0.3 ± 1.2	0.030
Δ Skeletal muscle mass [kg]	− 1.1 ± 1.7	0.5 ± 0.7	0.015	− 0.6 ± 0.8	0.1 ± 0.5	0.0012
Δ Phase angle [°]	− 0.25 ± 0.82	0.06 ± 0.18	0.75	0.06 ± 0.29	0.05 ± 0.24	1
Δ Extracellular water [l]	− 0.2 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.3	0.52	− 0.3 ± 0.6	0.1 ± 0.7	0.033
Δ Intracellular water [l]	− 0.9 ± 1.6	0.4 ± 0.6	0.025	− 0.5 ± 0.9	0.1 ± 0.4	0.0040
Δ Total body water [l]	− 1.1 ± 1.4	0.6 ± 0.9	0.065	− 0.7 ± 1.1	0.2 ± 0.9	0.010
Δ β-hydroxybutyrate [mmol/l]	0.2 ± 0.2	− 0.03 ± 0.04	0.044	0.6 ± 0.7	0.1 ± 0.5	8.2 × 10−7
Δ Insulin	2.3 ± 7.5	− 1.9 ± 1.7	0.297	− 2.1 ± 5.9	− 0.5 ± 3.3	0.412
Δ IGF-1	− 23.2 ± 45.8	− 28.2 ± 30.9	0.294	− 22.9 ± 61.5	− 9.8 ± 40.9	0.116
Δ T3	− 0.25 ± 0.25	− 0.07 ± 0.05	0.310	− 0.48 ± 0.29	− 0.09 ± 0.38	0.0012

Body composition changes (Δ) from baseline to final measurement according to fractionation schedule which determined the study length. Significant differences between the KD and SD groups are highlighted in bold

*In the SD group, there was one patient with missing estimates at the final measurement except for body weight and phase angle because a wrong height had been inserted into the BIA device. This patient is only used for the calculations of body weight and phase angle changes