Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Subjects (n) |
Age (years) mean (SD) |
Weight (kg) /height (cm)/BMI (kg/m2) mean (SD) |
Activity level | Sport | Functional task |
Follow-up | Outcomes | Results | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smeets et al. 2019 [42] |
ACL injury: 4 females Controls: 35 females |
ACL injury: 21 (3) Controls:20.7 (3) |
ACL injury: 62.6 (6.9)/172 (10)/ 21.2 (1.0) Controls: 64.9 (7.5)/172 (9)/ 22.1 (1.6) |
Elite | Soccer, handball, volleyball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1 year |
3D knee abduction angle (mean across entire landing phase) Peak knee abduction moment |
No difference in baseline 3D knee abduction angle or peak knee abduction moment between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 11/19 (58%) |
| Räisänen et al. 2018 [37] |
ACL injury: 4 females Controls:265 (125 females) |
15.7 (1.8) | 64.6 (10)/173.3 (9.1)/NR | U21 | Floorball, basketball | Single-leg squat | 1 year | 2D knee abduction angle | NR* | 15/19 (79%) |
| Numata et al. 2018 [40] |
ACL injury: 27 females Controls: 27 females |
ACL injury: 15 (0) Controls: 15 (0) |
ACL injury: 57.4 (7.2)/161.2 (7.1)/ 22.1 (1.5) Controls: 54.3 (5.4)/159.2 (5.8)/ 21.4 (1.9) |
High school team sport |
Basketball, Handball |
Single-leg vertical drop jump | 3 years | 2D medial displacement (IC, peak, excursion) | Those who sustained an ACL injury had greater baseline MKD at IC and greater peak MKD compared to controls. MKD excursion NR | 14/19 (73%) |
| Krosshaug et al. 2016 [20] |
ACL injury: 30 females Controls: 613 females |
ACL injury: 19.9 (2.8) Controls: 21.0 (3.9) |
ACL injury: 64.6 (7.8)/168 (6.3)/NR Controls: 66.3 (7.9)/169.5 (6.4)/NR |
Elite | Soccer, handball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1-7 years |
3D knee abduction angle (IC) 2D medial displacement (excursion) Peak knee abduction moment |
No difference in baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction or MKD between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 16/19 (84%) |
| Leppänen et al. 2017 [39] |
ACL injury: 15 females Controls*: 327 females |
15.4 (1.9) | 167.7 (6.2)/60.8 (8.0)/NR | Junior league | Basketball, floorball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 3 years |
3D knee abduction angle (IC) 2D medial displacement (excursion) Peak knee abduction moment |
No difference between baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction or knee abduction moment between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 15/19 (79%) |
| Dingenen et.al 2015 [38] |
ACL injury: 4 females Controls: 40 females |
ACL injury: 20.2 (2.9) Controls: 20.8 (3.5) |
ACL injury: 61.4 (7.3)/169.1 (10.2)/ 21.4 (1.3) Controls: 64.2 (7.7)/170.7 (8.4)/ 22.1 (2.4) |
Elite | Soccer, handball, volley ball | Single-leg vertical drop jump | 1 year | 2D knee abduction angle | NR | 14/19 (73%) |
| Goerger et al. 2015 [41] |
ACL injury: 12 (4 females) Controls: 39 (19 females) |
ACL injury: 18.6 (0.5) Controls: 18.5 (0.5) |
ACL injury: 72.6 (9.5)/174.1 (7.3)/NR Controls: 70.2 (13.)/172.6 (9.1)/ NR |
Military | NA | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 3 years | 3D knee abduction angle (IC, peak) | No difference between baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction or knee abduction moment between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 14/19 (73%) |
| Nilstad et al. 2014 [35] |
ACL injury: 4 females Controls: 134 females |
21.5 (4.1) | 62 (6) /167 (5)/NR | Elite | Soccer | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1 Year | 3D knee abduction angle (peak) | NR | 15/19 (79%) |
| Hewett et al. 2005 [17] |
ACL injury: 9 females Controls*: 390 females |
ACL injury: 15.8 (1.0) Controls: 16.1 (1.7) |
ACL injury: 61.5 (8.3)/167.7 (6.8)/ NR Controls: 59.1 (8.1)/164.1 (6)/ NR |
High school team sport | Soccer, basket-ball, volley-ball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1 Year |
3D knee abduction angle (IC, peak) Peak knee abduction moment |
Those who sustained an ACL injury had greater baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction and peak knee abduction moment compared to controls | 12/19 (63%) |
MKD = medial knee displacement in centimeters, IC = initial contact, * = number of knees, BMI = bodymass index, NR = not reported, * = some studies did not have risk factors for ACL injury as a specific aim and did, thus, not report the result for that variable. For these studies, the data were either retrieved from the authors of that specific study or, were possible, calculated by the authors of this review