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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 21.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Polym Sci. 2019 Feb 20;92:135–157. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.007

Figure 1. Synthesis and applications of ECHs.

Figure 1

ECHs can be formed by using different conductive materials including conductive nanoparticles, conductive polymers, or ionic liquids. Engineered ECHs have been utilized for different biomedical applications, including biosensors, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.