Table 2.
Monoclonal antibodies identified based on the previously studied SARS-CoV antibodies or computational studies.
| Antibody | Mechanism of action | Identification method | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| 80R | Competes with ACE2 for association with S1 domain | Screening phage display library | [96] |
| S3.1 | Prevents the cytopathic effect of virus and viral entry by recognizing spike | Analysis of immune SARS-CoV patients’ serum and in vivo study in mice | [60] |
| A group containing 20 neutralizing antibodies, including S101.1, S102.1, S103.3, S104.1, S105.2, S106.1, S107.4, S108.1, S109.2, S132.9, S128.5, S127.6, S124.4, S159.1, S160.1, S215.13, S216.9, S217.2, S218.6, S219.2 | Neutralize spike by binding to residues 318–510 | ||
| A group containing five neutralizing antibodies, including S18.1, S20.1, S21.1, S23.4, S24.1 | Neutralize nucleoprotein | ||
| S5.1 | Neutralizes envelope protein | ||
| S13.1 | Not defined | ||
| CR3014 | Blocks S1 domain | Screening phage display library | [97] |
| CR3022 | Blocks S1 domain, neutralizes mutated SARS-CoV escape from CR3014, induces synergistic effect and dose reduction in combination with CR3014 | Screening phage display library | [98] |
| Higher affinity to SARS-CoV-2 S protein than SARS-CoV | Antibody-antigen docking simulation | [51] | |
| Neutralizes SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S protein by binding epitopes other than RBD | Cross neutralization determined by ELISA and BLI | [57] | |
| m396 | Competes with ACE2 for association with S1 domain | Screening phage display library | [99] |
| Neutralizes SARS-CoV resistant against 80R and S3.1 antibody | |||
| Neutralizes all zoonotic SARS-CoV except bat-originated ones | |||
| S230.15 | Competes with ACE2 for association with S1 domain | ||
| S230 | Mimics receptor attachment and promotes conformational rearrangement of S protein | Cryoelectron microscopy study of S protein in combination with antibody | [100] |
| B1 | Neutralizes S2 epitope | Screening phage display library | [101] |
| A group containing 27 human monoclonal antibodies | Neutralizes S1 domain by binding to residues 318–510 within RBD or 12–261 located at the upstream of RBD; antibodies targeted RBDs were the most reactive ones | Screening human monoclonal antibodies produced in XenoMouse® against SARS-CoV S protein | [61] |
| A group containing 57 human monoclonal antibodies | Neutralizes S2 domain | ||
| 201 | Neutralizes S1 domain by binding to residues 490–510; provides complete protection against SARS-CoV infection in murine model | Screening human monoclonal antibodies produced in HuMAB mice® against SARS-CoV S protein | [102] |
| 68 | Neutralizes S1 domain by binding to residues 130–150; provides complete protection against SARS-CoV infection in murine model | ||
| A group containing nine human monoclonal antibodies, including 1F8, 4A4, 1D12, 2A12, 5C3, 2B12, 6H2, 6C9, and 4F9 | Neutralize HR1 domain | Screening human monoclonal antibodies produced in XenoMouse® against SARS-CoV S protein | [59] |
| A group containing 13 human monoclonal antibodies, including 5G8, 5B10, 3A11, 5E9, 6H1, 1E10, 3H11, 5B9, 5D7, 2D2, 3E10, 5G9, and 2D6 | Neutralize HR2 domain | ||
| A group containing 17 human monoclonal antibodies, including 1F1, 3F1, 4E11, 6C5, 4G10, 3F9, 6D8, 2C6, 2G11, 1D11, 4E6, 1C1, 2B9, 2E11, 1G12, 6H6, and 1D5 | Neutralize S-ectodomain domain | ||
| F26G19 | Antibody that binds to SARS-CoV RBD and blocks the contact of virus with ACE2 receptors | Studying x-ray crystal structure of Fab of mouse monoclonal antibody in complex with SARS-CoV RBD | [103] |
| Higher affinity to SARS-CoV-2 S protein than SARS-CoV | Antibody-antigen docking simulation | [51] | |
| F26G15 | Neutralizes nucleoprotein | Screening murine monoclonal antibodies by enzyme immunoassays | [104] |
| F26G1, F26G6, F26G8, F26G18, F26G19 | Neutralize spike | ||
| A group containing 8 antibodies, including five mutated forms of the antibody with the PDB ID of 2GHW and three mutated forms of the antibody with the PDB ID of 6NB6 | Neutralize spike protein | Analysis of 1933 antibody against SARS-CoV-2 via machine learning, neutralization was identified based on neutralizing scaffold of 80R antibody | [105] |
| 1C6, 1H1, 6B9, 4B12, 1G10 | Interfere with the HR1 and HR2 interaction and inhibit the membrane fusion and virus entry | Monoclonal antibodies generated in immunized mice against S fragment were analyzed by immunoassays | [106] |
| 2B2,2G2, 1A9 | Occupy the upstream of HR2 domain and cause steric hindrance | ||
| 256 | Neutralizes virus by enhancing binding of S protein to the surface of target cell | Identified in scFv libraries | [107] |
| 4D4 | Binds to the N-terminal of RBD and inhibits post binding steps | Screening human monoclonal antibodies produced in XenoMouse® against SARS-CoV S protein | [108] |
| 47D11 | Cross-neutralizes S1 subunit of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 | Derived from immunized transgenic H2L2 mice and cross-reactivity identified by ELISA | [109] |
| 1A9, 2B2, 4B12, 1G10 | Neutralize HR2 domain | Murine monoclonal antibodies generated using S protein fragment and neutralization capacity identified by immunoassay | [62] |
| Dewetting monoclonal antibodies | Dewetting viroporin of SARS-CoV-2 | Hypothesized based on dewetting transition phenomenon | [88] |
| P2C-1F11, P2B-2F6, P2C-1A3 | Block RBD | Antibodies derived from convalescent patients and tested via immune assays | [91] |
| S309, S306 | Neutralize S protein through glycan containing epitope distinct from RBD, does not compete with receptor attachment | Identified from memory B-cell of SARS-CoV patients | [63] |
| Induce NK-mediated antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity | |||
| B38 and H4 | Have synergistic action in binding with RBD and neutralizing the virus, their synergistic action avoids immune escape | Isolated from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients | [110] |