Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants, by gender.
| Variable | Total (mean ± SD) | Male (mean ± SD) | Female (mean ± SD) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2,295 | N = 1,306 | N = 989 | ||
| Age (years) | 48.47 ± 10.22 | 47.76 ± 9.92 | 49.4 ± 9.33 | 0.0001 |
| BMI | 24.80 ± 3.3 | 25.57 ± 3.14 | 23.79 ± 3.24 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.65 ± 16.54 | 126.54 ± 15.09 | 122.13 ± 17.98 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.13 ± 11.35 | 80.88 ± 11.24 | 74.5 ± 10.45 | <0.001 |
| Educational attainment (%) | ||||
| <College graduation | 365 (15.9%) | 275 (21.1%) | 90 (9.1%) | |
| College graduation | 1481 (64.5%) | 955 (73.1%) | 526 (53.2%) | <0.001 |
| >College graduation | 449 (19.6%) | 76 (5.8%) | 373 (37.7%) | |
| Physical Activity (%) | ||||
| Never | 251 (10.9%) | 161 (12.3%) | 90 (9.1%) | |
| Occasionally | 560 (24.4%) | 304 (23.3%) | 256 (25.9%) | |
| Frequently | 1,484 (64.7%) | 841 (64.4%) | 643 (65.0%) | 0.04 |
| Smoking Status (%) | ||||
| Quit | 101 (4.4%) | 93 (7.1%) | 8 (0.8%) | |
| Never | 1423 (62.0%) | 548 (42.0%) | 875 (88.5%) | |
| Occasionally | 207 (9.0%) | 170 (13.0%) | 37 (3.7%) | <0.001 |
| Frequently | 564 (24.6%) | 495 (37.9%) | 69 (7.0%) | |
| History of Hypertension (%) | 246 (10.7%) | 150 (11.5%) | 96 (9.7%) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.58 ± 0.4 | 1.43 ± 0.35 | 1.77 ± 0.39 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.00 ± 0.88 | 3.01 ± 0.88 | 2.98 ± 0.89 | 0.54 |
| ApoA1 (g/L) | 1.51 ± 0.28 | 1.43 ± 0.26 | 1.62 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
| Right baPWV (cm/s) | 1,388.01 ± 278.2 | 1,412.51 ± 261.31 | 1,355.66 ± 296.09 | |
| Left baPWV (cm/s) | 1,390.95 ± 277.03 | 1,413.07 ± 257.73 | 1,361.72 ± 298.24 | |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1,389.48 ± 273.5 | 1,412.79 ± 255.13 | 1,358.69 ± 293.34 | <0.001 |
| Arterial stiffness | 953 (41.56%) | 585 (44.79%) | 350 (35.39%) | <0.001 |
Note:
Values for categorical variables are presented as number (percentage); Values for continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD.