Table 2.

Summary of types and characteristics of Covid-19 surveillance.

Types of surveillance	Description
Routine surveillance (3 types)
1- Comprehensive (mass) routine surveillance	Complete testing of all suspected cases
2- Case-based routine surveillance	Reporting cases of Covid-19 infection within 48 h of identification
3- Aggregated routine surveillance	Weekly numbers of newly Covid-19 cases, deaths, etc.
4- Active surveillance	Active search & contact tracing
5- Syndromic (clinical) surveillance	Surveillance of health data about the clinical manifestations
6- Sentinel surveillance	Healthcare providers or hospitals are recruited to regularly report Covid-19 data
7- Sentinel syndromic surveillance:	Intergradation of Covid-19 surveillance with sentinel surveillance of ILI or ARI.
8- Virological surveillance	Molecular testing of Covid-19 by PCR.
9- Virological sentinel surveillance	Using clinical specimens obtained through national sentinel surveillance of ILI/ARI/SARI using RT-PCR
10- Population Serological Surveillance	Collecting blood samples from persons coming for a routine blood testing
Hospital based types (5 types)	Used to identify risk groups for severe disease, clinical spectrum, measure impact and inform decisions on mitigation measure
11- Hospital-based surveillance for SARI
12- Routine surveillance of nosocomial outbreaks and outbreaks in long-term care facilities
13- Enhanced surveillance of hospitalized cases
14- Mortality surveillance
15- Health care surveillance
16- Surveillance of wildlife	Identification of possible reservoir & human behavioural risk factors
Media, electronic and digital types (4 types)	Cost- effective new types depending on using media
17- Help-lines, surveys, participatory surveillance
18- Electronic reporting systems
19- Digital surveillance
20- Event-based surveillance