Table 2.

The relationships among perceived threat, personality traits, and stress.

Effects	β	95%CI		R2
		LL	UL
1. Neuroticism - Stress during pandemic
Path a Neuroticism - Threat	0.21⁎⁎	0.15	0.27	0.35
Path b Threat - Stress during pandemic	0.19⁎⁎	0.13	0.26	0.30
Path c′ Neuroticism - Stress during pandemic	0.47⁎⁎	0.40	0.53	0.30
Path c Neuroticism - Stress during pandemic	0.51⁎⁎	0.44	0.57	0.28
2. Neuroticism - ΔStressb
Path a Neuroticism - Threat	0.17⁎⁎	0.11	0.24	0.36
Path b Threat - ΔStress	0.17⁎⁎	0.11	0.23	0.33
Path c′ Neuroticism - ΔStress	0.33⁎⁎	0.25	0.40	0.33
Path c Neuroticism - ΔStress	0.36⁎⁎	0.29	0.43	0.31
3. Extroversion - Stress during pandemica
Path a Extroversion - Threat	0.05	−0.001	0.108	0.35
Path b Threat - Stress during pandemic	0.19⁎⁎	0.13	0.26	0.30
Path c′ Extroversion - Stress during pandemic	0.18⁎⁎	0.12	0.23	0.30
Path c Extroversion - Stress during pandemic	0.19⁎⁎	0.13	0.25	0.28
4. Extroversion - ΔStressb
Path a Extroversion - Threat	0.051	−0.003	0.106	0.36
Path b Threat - ΔStress	0.17⁎⁎	0.11	0.23	0.33
Path c′ Extroversion - ΔStress	0.18⁎⁎	0.12	0.23	0.33
Path c Extroversion - ΔStress	0.19⁎⁎	0.13	0.24	0.31
5. Conscientiousness - Stress during pandemica
Path a Conscientiousness - Threat	−0.03	−0.09	0.03	0.35
Path b Threat - Stress during pandemic	0.19⁎⁎	0.13	0.25	0.30
Path c′ Conscientiousness - Stress during pandemic	0.05	−0.009	0.109	0.30
Path c Conscientiousness - Stress during pandemic	0.04	−0.02	0.10	0.28
6. Conscientiousness - ΔStressb
Path a Conscientiousness - Threat	−0.04	−0.10	0.02	0.36
Path b Threat - ΔStress	0.17⁎⁎	0.11	0.24	0.33
Path c′ Conscientiousness - ΔStress	−0.01	−0.05	0.07	0.33
Path c Conscientiousness - ΔStress	0.004	−0.055	0.064	0.31

Note. β, standardized beta.

CI = confidence intervals; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit.

^⁎⁎P < 0.01.

^aModel covariates included age, gender, education, income, perceived efficacy.

^bModel covariates included age, gender, education, income, perceived efficacy, perceived stress before the pandemic.