Table 3.

The relationships among perceived efficacy, personality traits, and stress.

Effects	β	95%CI		R2
		UL	LL
Neuroticism - Stress during pandemica
Path a Neuroticism - Efficacy	−0.15⁎⁎	−0.21	−0.09	0.35
Path b Efficacy - Stress during pandemic	−0.15⁎⁎	−0.21	−0.08	0.30
Path c′ Neuroticism - Stress during pandemic	0.47⁎⁎	0.40	0.53	0.30
Path c Neuroticism - Stress during pandemic	0.49⁎⁎	0.42	0.56	0.29
Neuroticism - ΔStressb
Path a Neuroticism - Efficacy	−0.12⁎⁎	−0.18	−0.05	0.35
Path b Efficacy - ΔStress	−0.13⁎⁎	−0.19	−0.06	0.33
Path c′ Neuroticism - ΔStress	0.33⁎⁎	0.26	0.40	0.33
Path c Neuroticism - ΔStress	0.34⁎⁎	0.27	0.41	0.32
Extroversion - Stress during pandemica
Path a Extroversion - Efficacy	−0.10⁎⁎	−0.15	−0.04	0.35
Path b Efficacy - Stress during pandemic	−0.15⁎⁎	−0.21	−0.08	0.30
Path c′ Extroversion - Stress during pandemic	0.18⁎⁎	0.12	0.23	0.30
Path c Extroversion - Stress during pandemic	0.19⁎⁎	0.14	0.25	0.29
Extroversion - ΔStressb
Path a Extroversion - Efficacy	−0.09⁎⁎	−0.15	−0.04	0.35
Path b Efficacy - ΔStress	−0.13⁎⁎	−0.19	−0.06	0.33
Path c′ Extroversion - ΔStress	−0.18⁎⁎	0.12	0.23	0.33
Path c Extroversion - ΔStress	−0.19⁎⁎	0.13	0.25	0.32
Conscientiousness - Stress during pandemica
Path a Conscientiousness - Efficacy	0.09⁎⁎	0.04	0.15	0.35
Path b Efficacy - Stress during pandemic	−0.15⁎⁎	−0.21	−0.08	0.30
Path c′ Conscientiousness - Stress during pandemic	0.05	−0.01	0.11	0.30
Path c Conscientiousness - Stress during pandemic	0.037	−0.02	0.10	0.29
Conscientiousness - ΔStressb
Path a Conscientiousness - Efficacy	0.10⁎⁎	0.04	0.16	0.35
Path b Efficacy - ΔStress	−0.13⁎⁎	−0.19	−0.06	0.33
Path c′ Conscientiousness - ΔStress	0.01	−0.05	0.07	0.33
Path c Conscientiousness - ΔStress	−0.001	−0.06	0.06	0.32

Note. β, standardized beta.

CI = confidence intervals; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit.

^⁎⁎P < 0.01.

^aModel covariates included age, gender, education, income, perceived threat.

^bModel covariates included age, gender, education, income, perceived threat, perceived stress before the pandemic.