Table 3.

Potential targets to augment neural repair after stroke.

Target	Example
Gray matter
Axonal sprouting	Inosine, PDE inhibitors, Growth factors, Stem cells
Dendritic branching	CCR5 blockade, Growth factors, Stem cells
Neurogenesis	Cerebrolysin, Growth factors, Stem cells
Angiogenesis	Growth factors, Stem cells
White matter
Axon preservation	MCT-1 augmentation, NMNAT1/DLK/STAT3 manipulation
Remyelination	OPC proliferation/differentiation, Nogo blockade
Blood brain barrier	Endothelial cell metabolism, Pericyte proliferation
Microglia	TLR4 inhibition, Manipulating activation state
Glial scar
Myelin-associated proteins	Nogo, MAG, MOBP blockade
Extracellular matrix proteins	Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan inhibition
Growth cone inhibitors	Semaphorin, Eprhin blockade
Excitability
Alter inhibition pharmacologically	SSRIs, CREB induction, GABA antagonism, Zolpidem, Amphetamines, L-dopa
Alter inhibition neurotechnologically	Transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, Deep brain stimulation, Vagal nerve stimulation
Brain cortical maps and networks
Macro level changes that depend may on changes in structure/excitability	Rehabilitation: physical, occupational, speech Activity-based therapies, Sensory stimulation, Robot-based therapies Cognitive strategies, Functional MRI, Virtual reality Brain computer interfaces, C7 nerve root transfer