Table 2.
Membrane-less viral factories. MeV: measles virus; HPIV3: human parainfluenza virus 3; PIV5: parainfluenza virus 5; NiV: Nipah virus; MuV: mumps virus; SV5: simian virus 5; hRSV: human respiratory syncytial virus; hMPV: human metapneumovirus; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; RABV: rabies virus; BoDV: Borna disease virus; EBOV: Ebola virus; IAV: influenza A virus; RVFV: Rift Valley fever virus; ReoV: reovirus; RotaV: rotavirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HSV-1: herpes virus 1; HCMV: human cytomegalovirus; KSHV: Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus; VZV: varicella zoster virus; VV: vaccinia virus; ASFV: asfavirus.
| Genome organization | Order | Family | Virus | Liquid properties | Viral proteins found in IBs | Minimal system available (viral proteins required) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-segmented - ssRNA | Mononegavirales | Paramyxoviridae | MeV | Yes | N, P, L | Yes (N, P) | [25,55] |
| HPIV3 | Yes | N, P | Yes (N, P) | [28,152] | |||
| PIV5 | Suspected | N | No | [27] | |||
| NiVa | Suspected | N, P, L | Yes (N, P) | [29] | |||
| NiVa | Crystalline inclusions | N, P, M | Yes (N, P, M) | [29] | |||
| MuV | Suspected | P | No | [26] | |||
| SV5 | Suspected | N, P | No | [32] | |||
| Pneumoviridae | hRSV | Suspected | N, P, L | Yes (N, P, L, M2-1) | [24,153] | ||
| hMPV | Suspected | N, P | Yes (N, P) | [37,154] | |||
| Rhabdoviridae | VSV | Yes | N, P, L | Yes (N, P, L) | [31] | ||
| RABV | Yes | N, P, L | Yes (N, P) | [30] | |||
| Bornaviridae | BoDV | Suspected | P | No | [34] | ||
| Filoviridae | EBOV | Suspected | VP24, VP30, VP35, VP40, NP, L | Yes (NP) | [23,155] | ||
| Segmented - ssRNA | Articulavirales | Orthomyxoviridae | IAV | Yes | RNPs | No | [35] |
| Bunyavirales | Bunyaviridae | RVFV | Suspected | Unknown | No | [36] | |
| Segmented dsRNA | Reovirales | Reoviridae | ReoV | Suspected | σNS, μNS | Yes (μNS) | [78,84] |
| RotaV | Yes | NSP5, NSP2, VP2 | Yes (NSP5, NSP2, VP2) | [78,79,81] | |||
| dsDNA | Herpesvirales | Herpesviridae | EBV | Yes | EBNA2, EBNALP | Yes (EBNA2, EBNA-LP) | [73] |
| EBV | Unknown | BZRF, BNRF1 | No | [156] | |||
| HSV-1 | Unknownb | ICPs 0, 4, 8, 27, UL9, U42 | No | [156] | |||
| HCMV | Unknown | IE1, IE2, UL112–113 | No | [156] | |||
| KSHV | Unknown | LANA, Orfs 6, 9, 59 | No | [156] | |||
| Chitovirales | Poxviridae | VV | Unknown | RNA Pol, VITF-3 | No | [60,62,157] | |
| Asfuvirales | Asfaviridae | ASFV | Unknown | DNA Pol, ligase, helicase | No | [64] |
For NiV, two types of inclusions are observed.
For HSV-1, a model of VRC formation that is not based on liquid-liquid phase separation has been proposed [69].