Table 1.
Illustrative cases of geniospasm newly described in this article including pertinent historical details, diagnostics, treatment, and outcome.
| PATIENT | AGE OF PRESENTATION | SEX | AGE OF ONSET | TRIGGERS | ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS | PAST MEDICAL HISTORY | FAMILY HISTORY | DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES | TREATMENT | OUTCOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 years | M | 3.5 months | Strong Emotions |
None | ADHD, Borderline IQ, Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder |
None | MRI Brain Normal | OnabotulinumtoxinA – 30 U to each mentalis | Complete resolution No adverse effects |
| 2 | 7 months | M | Early infancy | None | None | Healthy | None | None | Spontaneous remission by 1 year | |
| 3 | 14 months | M | First day of life | None | Recurrent Nocturnal tongue biting | Healthy | Mother and maternal grandfather with similar symptoms and recurrent hiccups | EEG normal | None | |
| 4 | F | Young adulthood | Stress | None | Recurrent hiccups | Mother of patient 3 | None | Plan for OnabotulinumtoxinA injections | ||
| 5 | M | Young adulthood | Stress | None | Recurrent hiccups | Maternal Grandfather of patient 3 | None | None | ||
| 6 | 4 months | F | First day of life | None | None | Healthy | None | None | None | |