Table 1.

Gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease phenotype	Microbiota community shift	References
hypertension	Prevotella and Klebsiella↑	[13]
heart failure	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii↓ Ruminococcus gnavus↑	[14]
coronary artery disease	Lactobacillales, Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus↑ Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Roseburia and Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroidetes↓	[15,16]
ischemic stroke	Atopobium cluster and Lactobacillus ruminis↑ Lactobacillus sakei↓	[17]
atrial fibrillation	Ruminococcus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus↑ Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Oscillibacter and Bilophila↓	[18]
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease	Enterobacteriaceae:Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus spp.,Lactobacillus salivarius, Solobacterium moorei, Atopobium parvulum, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Eggerthella lenta ↑ Roseburia intestinalis, Faecalibacterium cf. prausnitzii, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella copri, andAlistipes shahii↓	[19]