TABLE 2.
Characteristics of studies that examined the association between cheese consumption and hip fractures in postmenopausal women1
| Design (participant characteristics) | Cases, n | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (reference) | n | Total | Highest-intake group | Lowest-intake group | Age, y | Duration of follow-up, y | Intake categories2 | OR/RR (95% CI) | Adjustments | |
| Tavani et al. (54) | Case-control (hospitalized patients) | 960 | 241 | — | — | 64 (range: 45–74) | — | <4 portions/wk vs. >6 portions/wk | OR: 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | Age, education, BMI, smoking status, total alcohol consumption, and estrogen therapy |
| Sahni et al. (47)3 | Prospective cohort (Framingham Original Cohort) | 469 | 76 | 36/259 | 40/210 | 77 ± 4.8 | 11.6 | ≤1 serving/wk vs. >1 serving/wk | RR: 0.73 (0.46–1.15) | Age, BMI, height, total energy intake, current smoking, calcium supplements, vitamin D supplements |
| Feskanich et al. (53) | Prospective cohort (Nurses’ Health Study) | 80,600 | 2138 | 279/261 p-y | 126/112 p-y | 54 (range: 34–60) | 20.8 | <1 serving/wk vs. ≥1 serving/d | RR: 0.94 (0.74–1.17) | Age, follow-up cycle, total energy intake, calcium and vitamin D from nondairy foods plus supplements, protein from nondairy foods, retinol from supplements, vitamin D, caffeine, alcohol, milk during teenage years, BMI, height, physical activity, smoking, use of postmenopausal hormones, use of thiazide diuretics, furosemide-type diuretics and oral steroids, and diagnoses of cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, milk and cheese intakes |
1
p-y, person-years (in thousands).
2
Intake categories: Tavani et al. (54), portion size was not described by the authors. Sahni et al. (47), cheese intake was calculated as the combined intake of cottage/ricotta cheese (1 serving = 0.5 cup or 120 mL) and American cheese (1 slice or 1 oz or 28 g) and other cheeses. Feskanich et al. (53), cheese intake was calculated as the combined intake of hard and soft cheeses (1 serving = 1 oz or 28 g), and cottage/ricotta cheese (1 serving = 0.5 cup or 120 mL).
3
Data for postmenopausal or women ≥55 y old only were obtained from the authors.