Table 2.
CT, SPECT, and MRI Studies Using NCRS in Mental Disorders
| Study | Sample characteristics | Motor assessment | Neuroimaging method | Important findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northoff et al48 | CAT: N = 10, age = 41.6 ± 5.3 (21–63) y; M:F = 4:6 | 10 patients with catatonia according to criteria by Lohr and Wiesniewski (1987), Rosebush et al (1990), BFCRS, and NCRS | rCBF and benzodiazepine receptor distribution were studied via SPECT with 123I-iomanezil | The study found significant relations of motor and affective catatonic symptoms with left upper frontal and right lower prefrontal cortical iomazenil binding as well as with right lower parietal rCBF. |
| SP: n = 10, age = 40.8 ± 4.9 y | ||||
| HC: N = 20, age = 40.1 ± 6.2 y | ||||
| Northoff et al53 | CAT: N = 2, age = 27 and 31 y; M:F = 1:1 | 2 patients with catatonia according to Lohr and Wiesniewski (1987), Rosebush et al (1990), and DSM-III-R (APA, 1987) | 1.5 Tesla MRT, task: sequential finger opposition, AFNI | CAT showed higher activity reduction in the contralateral primary sensory-motor cortex during sequential finger opposition after lorazepam application when compared with HC. |
| DOI: 2 and 6 mo | ||||
| HC: N = 2, age = 27 and 31 y | ||||
| Northoff et al47 | CAT: N = 10, age = 41.6 ± 5.3 (21–63) y; M:F = 4:6 | 10 patients with catatonia according to criteria by Lohr and Wisniewski, Rosebush Catatonia Scale, BFCRS, NCRS | rCBF studied via SPECT with Tc-99mECD | CAT showed decreased rCBF in right prefrontal and parietal cortex compared with psychiatric and healthy controls as well as significantly poorer performance in visual–spatial abilities associated with right parietal function. |
| SP: n = 10, age = 40.8 ± 4.9 y | ||||
| HC: N = 20, age = 40.1 ± 6.2 y | ||||
| Northoff et al54 | CAT: N = 10, age = 41.6 ± 5.3 y; M:F = 5:5; education: 9.5 ± 1.8 y; CPZ: 180.2 ± 177.5; DAE: 5.1 ± 4.2 y | NCRS, Rosebush Catatonia Scale, Lohr Catatonia Symptom Scale, and the Northoff Self-estimation Scale | 3 Tesla MRT, ROI-Analysis, SEM, CoCoMac; task: affective/motor paradigm using positive and negative stimuli from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) | Affective and behavioral catatonic symptoms were associated with activity changes in OFC. Motor catatonic symptoms were associated with prefrontal cortex activity. |
| SP: N = 10, age = 40.8 ± 4.9 y; M:F = 5:5; education: 9.9 ± 1.8 y; CPZ: 167.0 ± 153.2 | ||||
| De Tiege et al50 | CAT: n = 1, age = 14, female, NCRS total score = 19 | NCRS | Positron emission tomography, SPM99, masking analysis | Patient with catatonia showed a decrease of metabolism in a large prefrontal area, the right anterior cingulate, the right medial prefrontal and dorsolateral cortices when compared with HC. |
| HC: n = 29, age = 32, M:F = 13:16 | ||||
| Scheuerecker et al57 | CAT: N = 12, age = 36.2 ± 9.5 y; M:F = 5:7; CPZ = no information available | NCRS, Rosebush Catatonia Scale, Lohr Catatonia Symptom Scale, and the Northoff Self-estimation Scale | 1.5 Tesla MRT, SPM5 | CAT showed reduced activity during self-initiated movements in the right superior frontal gyrus, both middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and parietal cortex compared with HC. |
| DAE: no information available | ||||
| HC: N = 12, age = 35.8 ± 9 y; M:F = 5:7 | ||||
| Richter et al55 | CAT: N = 6, age = 41.6 ± 5.3 y; M:F = 1:5; education: information not available; CPZ: 198.3 ± 188.3 | NCRS, Rosebush Catatonia Scale, Lohr Catatonia Symptom Scale and the Northoff Self-estimation Scale | 3 Tesla MRT, KHOROS 2.1 with the extension KHORFU, task: emotional stimulation using the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) | CAT showed higher activity reduction in OFC, middle prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex after lorazepam application. |
| DAE: 6 ± 3.58 y | ||||
| HC: N = 6, no further information available | ||||
| Hirjak et al67 | CAT: N = 25, age = 39.1 ± 11.4 y; M:F = 14:11; education: 13.4 ± 2.3 y; OLZ: 17.4 ± 8.1; DAE: 13.6 ± 11.9 y | NCRS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, Simpson and Angus Scale, and Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale | 3 Tesla MRT, Freesurfer (cortical thickness, area, and gyrification) | CAT showed reduced cortical area in OFC and reduced LGI in temporal gyrus when compared with SP. CAT showed hypergyrification in OFC compared with SP. |
| SP: N = 22; age = 40.1 ± 11.8; M:F = 11:11; education: 13.3 ± 3.3 y; OLZ: 16.3 ± 10.5; DAE: 8.5 ± 9.5 y | ||||
| Hirjak et al59 | CAT: N = 24, age = 38.9 ± 11.6 y; M:F = 14:10; education: 13.4 ± 2.4 y; OLZ: 17.1 ± 8.18; DAE: 13.38 ± 12.15 y | NCRS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, Simpson and Angus Scale, and Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale | 3 Tesla MRT, SPM12, CAT12, data-driven fusion method called multiset canonical correlation analysis + joint independent component analysis (mCCA + jICA) | NCRS behavioral scores were associated with a joint structural and functional system that predominantly included cerebellar and prefrontal/cortical motor regions. NCRS affective scores were associated with frontoparietal intrinsic neural activity. |
| SP: N = 22; age = 40.1 ± 11.8; M:F = 11:11; education: 13.3 ± 3.3 y; OLZ: 16.3 ± 10.5; DAE: 8.5 ± 9.5 y |
CAT, catatonic patients; SP, schizophrenic patients/other mental disorders; HC, healthy controls; DOI, duration of illness; CPZ, chlorpromazine equivalent dose; OLZ, Olanzapine equivalent dose; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; M, male; F, female; BFCRS, Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale; NCRS, Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale; M, male; F, female; y, years; mo, months.